This is cvs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.5 from cvs.texinfo.

INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU Packages
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* CVS: (cvs).                   Concurrent Versions System
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* cvs: (cvs)CVS commands.       Concurrent Versions System
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: cvs.info,  Node: Invoking CVS,  Next: Administrative files,  Prev: CVS commands,  Up: Top

Quick reference to CVS commands
*******************************

   This appendix describes how to invoke CVS, with references to where
each command or feature is described in detail.  For other references
run the `cvs --help' command, or see *Note Index::.

   A CVS command looks like:

     cvs [ GLOBAL_OPTIONS ] COMMAND [ COMMAND_OPTIONS ] [ COMMAND_ARGS ]

   Global options:

`--allow-root=ROOTDIR'
     Specify legal CVSROOT directory (server only) (not in CVS 1.9 and
     older).  See *Note Password authentication server::.

`-a'
     Authenticate all communication (client only) (not in CVS 1.9 and
     older).  See *Note Global options::.

`-b'
     Specify RCS location (CVS 1.9 and older).  See *Note Global
     options::.

`-d ROOT'
     Specify the CVSROOT.  See *Note Repository::.

`-e EDITOR'
     Edit messages with EDITOR.  See *Note Committing your changes::.

`-f'
     Do not read the `~/.cvsrc' file.  See *Note Global options::.

`-H'
`--help'
     Print a help message.  See *Note Global options::.

`-n'
     Do not change any files.  See *Note Global options::.

`-Q'
     Be really quiet.  See *Note Global options::.

`-q'
     Be somewhat quiet.  See *Note Global options::.

`-r'
     Make new working files read-only.  See *Note Global options::.

`-s VARIABLE=VALUE'
     Set a user variable.  See *Note Variables::.

`-T TEMPDIR'
     Put temporary files in TEMPDIR.  See *Note Global options::.

`-t'
     Trace CVS execution.  See *Note Global options::.

`-v'

`--version'
     Display version and copyright information for CVS.

`-w'
     Make new working files read-write.  See *Note Global options::.

`-x'
     Encrypt all communication (client only).  See *Note Global
     options::.

`-z GZIP-LEVEL'
     Set the compression level (client only).  See *Note Global
     options::.

   Keyword expansion modes (*note Substitution modes::):

     -kkv  $Id: file1,v 1.1 1993/12/09 03:21:13 joe Exp $
     -kkvl $Id: file1,v 1.1 1993/12/09 03:21:13 joe Exp harry $
     -kk   $Id$
     -kv   file1,v 1.1 1993/12/09 03:21:13 joe Exp
     -ko   no expansion
     -kb   no expansion, file is binary

   Keywords (*note Keyword list::):

     $Author: joe $
     $Date: 1993/12/09 03:21:13 $
     $Header: /home/files/file1,v 1.1 1993/12/09 03:21:13 joe Exp harry $
     $Id: file1,v 1.1 1993/12/09 03:21:13 joe Exp harry $
     $Locker: harry $
     $Name: snapshot_1_14 $
     $RCSfile: file1,v $
     $Revision: 1.1 $
     $Source: /home/files/file1,v $
     $State: Exp $
     $Log: file1,v $
     Revision 1.1  1993/12/09 03:30:17  joe
     Initial revision

   Commands, command options, and command arguments:

`add [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Add a new file/directory.  See *Note Adding files::.

    `-k KFLAG'
          Set keyword expansion.

    `-m MSG'
          Set file description.

`admin [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Administration of history files in the repository.  See *Note
     admin::.

    `-b[REV]'
          Set default branch.  See *Note Reverting local changes::.

    `-cSTRING'
          Set comment leader.

    `-kSUBST'
          Set keyword substitution.  See *Note Keyword substitution::.

    `-l[REV]'
          Lock revision REV, or latest revision.

    `-mREV:MSG'
          Replace the log message of revision REV with MSG.

    `-oRANGE'
          Delete revisions from the repository.  See *Note admin
          options::.

    `-q'
          Run quietly; do not print diagnostics.

    `-sSTATE[:REV]'
          Set the state.

    `-t'
          Set file description from standard input.

    `-tFILE'
          Set file description from FILE.

    `-t-STRING'
          Set file description to STRING.

    `-u[REV]'
          Unlock revision REV, or latest revision.

`annotate [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Show last revision where each line was modified.  See *Note
     annotate::.

    `-D DATE'
          Annotate the most recent revision no later than DATE.  See
          *Note Common options::.

    `-F'
          Force annotation of binary files.  (Without this option,
          binary files are skipped with a message.)

    `-f'
          Use head revision if tag/date not found.  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r TAG'
          Annotate revision TAG.  See *Note Common options::.

`checkout [OPTIONS] MODULES...'
     Get a copy of the sources.  See *Note checkout::.

    `-A'
          Reset any sticky tags/date/options.  See *Note Sticky tags::
          and *Note Keyword substitution::.

    `-c'
          Output the module database.  See *Note checkout options::.

    `-D DATE'
          Check out revisions as of DATE (is sticky).  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-d DIR'
          Check out into DIR.  See *Note checkout options::.

    `-f'
          Use head revision if tag/date not found.  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-j REV'
          Merge in changes.  See *Note checkout options::.

    `-k KFLAG'
          Use KFLAG keyword expansion.  See *Note Substitution modes::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-N'
          Don't "shorten" module paths if -d specified.  See *Note
          checkout options::.

    `-n'
          Do not run module program (if any).  See *Note checkout
          options::.

    `-P'
          Prune empty directories.  See *Note Moving directories::.

    `-p'
          Check out files to standard output (avoids stickiness).  See
          *Note checkout options::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r TAG'
          Checkout revision TAG (is sticky).  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-s'
          Like -c, but include module status.  See *Note checkout
          options::.

`commit [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Check changes into the repository.  See *Note commit::.

    `-F FILE'
          Read log message from FILE.  See *Note commit options::.

    `-f'
          Force the file to be committed; disables recursion.  See
          *Note commit options::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-m MSG'
          Use MSG as log message.  See *Note commit options::.

    `-n'
          Do not run module program (if any).  See *Note commit
          options::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r REV'
          Commit to REV.  See *Note commit options::.

`diff [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Show differences between revisions.  See *Note diff::.  In
     addition to the options shown below, accepts a wide variety of
     options to control output style, for example `-c' for context
     diffs.

    `-D DATE1'
          Diff revision for date against working file.  See *Note diff
          options::.

    `-D DATE2'
          Diff REV1/DATE1 against DATE2.  See *Note diff options::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-N'
          Include diffs for added and removed files.  See *Note diff
          options::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r REV1'
          Diff revision for REV1 against working file.  See *Note diff
          options::.

    `-r REV2'
          Diff REV1/DATE1 against REV2.  See *Note diff options::.

`edit [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Get ready to edit a watched file.  See *Note Editing files::.

    `-a ACTIONS'
          Specify actions for temporary watch, where ACTIONS is `edit',
          `unedit', `commit', `all', or `none'.  See *Note Editing
          files::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

`editors [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     See who is editing a watched file.  See *Note Watch information::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

`export [OPTIONS] MODULES...'
     Export files from CVS.  See *Note export::.

    `-D DATE'
          Check out revisions as of DATE.  See *Note Common options::.

    `-d DIR'
          Check out into DIR.  See *Note export options::.

    `-f'
          Use head revision if tag/date not found.  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-k KFLAG'
          Use KFLAG keyword expansion.  See *Note Substitution modes::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-N'
          Don't "shorten" module paths if -d specified.  See *Note
          export options::.

    `-n'
          Do not run module program (if any).  See *Note export
          options::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r TAG'
          Checkout revision TAG.  See *Note Common options::.

`history [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Show repository access history.  See *Note history::.

    `-a'
          All users (default is self).  See *Note history options::.

    `-b STR'
          Back to record with STR in module/file/repos field.  See
          *Note history options::.

    `-c'
          Report on committed (modified) files.  See *Note history
          options::.

    `-D DATE'
          Since DATE.  See *Note history options::.

    `-e'
          Report on all record types.  See *Note history options::.

    `-l'
          Last modified (committed or modified report).  See *Note
          history options::.

    `-m MODULE'
          Report on MODULE (repeatable).  See *Note history options::.

    `-n MODULE'
          In MODULE.  See *Note history options::.

    `-o'
          Report on checked out modules.  See *Note history options::.

    `-p REPOSITORY'
          In REPOSITORY.  See *Note history options::.

    `-r REV'
          Since revision REV.  See *Note history options::.

    `-T'
          Produce report on all TAGs.  See *Note history options::.

    `-t TAG'
          Since tag record placed in history file (by anyone).  See
          *Note history options::.

    `-u USER'
          For user USER (repeatable).  See *Note history options::.

    `-w'
          Working directory must match.  See *Note history options::.

    `-x TYPES'
          Report on TYPES, one or more of `TOEFWUPCGMAR'.  See *Note
          history options::.

    `-z ZONE'
          Output for time zone ZONE.  See *Note history options::.

`import [OPTIONS] REPOSITORY VENDOR-TAG RELEASE-TAGS...'
     Import files into CVS, using vendor branches.  See *Note import::.

    `-b BRA'
          Import to vendor branch BRA.  See *Note Multiple vendor
          branches::.

    `-d'
          Use the file's modification time as the time of import.  See
          *Note import options::.

    `-k KFLAG'
          Set default keyword substitution mode.  See *Note import
          options::.

    `-m MSG'
          Use MSG for log message.  See *Note import options::.

    `-I IGN'
          More files to ignore (! to reset).  See *Note import
          options::.

    `-W SPEC'
          More wrappers.  See *Note import options::.

`init'
     Create a CVS repository if it doesn't exist.  See *Note Creating a
     repository::.

`kserver'
     Kerberos authenticated server.  See *Note Kerberos authenticated::.

`log [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Print out history information for files.  See *Note log::.

    `-b'
          Only list revisions on the default branch.  See *Note log
          options::.

    `-d DATES'
          Specify dates (D1<D2 for range, D for latest before).  See
          *Note log options::.

    `-h'
          Only print header.  See *Note log options::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-N'
          Do not list tags.  See *Note log options::.

    `-R'
          Only print name of RCS file.  See *Note log options::.

    `-rREVS'
          Only list revisions REVS.  See *Note log options::.

    `-s STATES'
          Only list revisions with specified states.  See *Note log
          options::.

    `-t'
          Only print header and descriptive text.  See *Note log
          options::.

    `-wLOGINS'
          Only list revisions checked in by specified logins.  See
          *Note log options::.

`login'
     Prompt for password for authenticating server.  See *Note Password
     authentication client::.

`logout'
     Remove stored password for authenticating server.  See *Note
     Password authentication client::.

`pserver'
     Password authenticated server.  See *Note Password authentication
     server::.

`rannotate [OPTIONS] [MODULES...]'
     Show last revision where each line was modified.  See *Note
     annotate::.

    `-D DATE'
          Annotate the most recent revision no later than DATE.  See
          *Note Common options::.

    `-F'
          Force annotation of binary files.  (Without this option,
          binary files are skipped with a message.)

    `-f'
          Use head revision if tag/date not found.  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r TAG'
          Annotate revision TAG.  See *Note Common options::.

`rdiff [OPTIONS] MODULES...'
     Show differences between releases.  See *Note rdiff::.

    `-c'
          Context diff output format (default).  See *Note rdiff
          options::.

    `-D DATE'
          Select revisions based on DATE.  See *Note Common options::.

    `-f'
          Use head revision if tag/date not found.  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r REV'
          Select revisions based on REV.  See *Note Common options::.

    `-s'
          Short patch - one liner per file.  See *Note rdiff options::.

    `-t'
          Top two diffs - last change made to the file.  See *Note diff
          options::.

    `-u'
          Unidiff output format.  See *Note rdiff options::.

    `-V VERS'
          Use RCS Version VERS for keyword expansion (obsolete).  See
          *Note rdiff options::.

`release [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY'
     Indicate that a directory is no longer in use.  See *Note
     release::.

    `-d'
          Delete the given directory.  See *Note release options::.

`remove [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Remove an entry from the repository.  See *Note Removing files::.

    `-f'
          Delete the file before removing it.  See *Note Removing
          files::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

`rlog [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Print out history information for modules.  See *Note log::.

    `-b'
          Only list revisions on the default branch.  See *Note log
          options::.

    `-d DATES'
          Specify dates (D1<D2 for range, D for latest before).  See
          *Note log options::.

    `-h'
          Only print header.  See *Note log options::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-N'
          Do not list tags.  See *Note log options::.

    `-R'
          Only print name of RCS file.  See *Note log options::.

    `-rREVS'
          Only list revisions REVS.  See *Note log options::.

    `-s STATES'
          Only list revisions with specified states.  See *Note log
          options::.

    `-t'
          Only print header and descriptive text.  See *Note log
          options::.

    `-wLOGINS'
          Only list revisions checked in by specified logins.  See
          *Note log options::.

`rtag [OPTIONS] TAG MODULES...'
     Add a symbolic tag to a module.  See *Note Revisions:: and *Note
     Branching and merging::.

    `-a'
          Clear tag from removed files that would not otherwise be
          tagged.  See *Note Tagging add/remove::.

    `-b'
          Create a branch named TAG.  See *Note Branching and merging::.

    `-B'
          Used in conjunction with -F or -d, enables movement and
          deletion of branch tags.  Use with extreme caution.

    `-D DATE'
          Tag revisions as of DATE.  See *Note Tagging by date/tag::.

    `-d'
          Delete TAG.  See *Note Modifying tags::.

    `-F'
          Move TAG if it already exists.  See *Note Modifying tags::.

    `-f'
          Force a head revision match if tag/date not found.  See *Note
          Tagging by date/tag::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-n'
          No execution of tag program.  See *Note Common options::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r REV'
          Tag existing tag REV.  See *Note Tagging by date/tag::.

`server'
     Rsh server.  See *Note Connecting via rsh::.

`status [OPTIONS] FILES...'
     Display status information in a working directory.  See *Note File
     status::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-v'
          Include tag information for file.  See *Note Tags::.

`tag [OPTIONS] TAG [FILES...]'
     Add a symbolic tag to checked out version of files.  See *Note
     Revisions:: and *Note Branching and merging::.

    `-b'
          Create a branch named TAG.  See *Note Branching and merging::.

    `-c'
          Check that working files are unmodified.  See *Note Tagging
          the working directory::.

    `-D DATE'
          Tag revisions as of DATE.  See *Note Tagging by date/tag::.

    `-d'
          Delete TAG.  See *Note Modifying tags::.

    `-F'
          Move TAG if it already exists.  See *Note Modifying tags::.

    `-f'
          Force a head revision match if tag/date not found.  See *Note
          Tagging by date/tag::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r REV'
          Tag existing tag REV.  See *Note Tagging by date/tag::.

`unedit [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Undo an edit command.  See *Note Editing files::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

`update [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     Bring work tree in sync with repository.  See *Note update::.

    `-A'
          Reset any sticky tags/date/options.  See *Note Sticky tags::
          and *Note Keyword substitution::.

    `-C'
          Overwrite locally modified files with clean copies from the
          repository (the modified file is saved in `.#FILE.REVISION',
          however).

    `-D DATE'
          Check out revisions as of DATE (is sticky).  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-d'
          Create directories.  See *Note update options::.

    `-f'
          Use head revision if tag/date not found.  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-I IGN'
          More files to ignore (! to reset).  See *Note import
          options::.

    `-j REV'
          Merge in changes.  See *Note update options::.

    `-k KFLAG'
          Use KFLAG keyword expansion.  See *Note Substitution modes::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-P'
          Prune empty directories.  See *Note Moving directories::.

    `-p'
          Check out files to standard output (avoids stickiness).  See
          *Note update options::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

    `-r TAG'
          Checkout revision TAG (is sticky).  See *Note Common
          options::.

    `-W SPEC'
          More wrappers.  See *Note import options::.

`version'
     Display the version of CVS being used.  If the repository is
     remote, display both the client and server versions.

`watch [on|off|add|remove] [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     on/off: turn on/off read-only checkouts of files.  See *Note
     Setting a watch::.

     add/remove: add or remove notification on actions.  See *Note
     Getting Notified::.

    `-a ACTIONS'
          Specify actions for temporary watch, where ACTIONS is `edit',
          `unedit', `commit', `all', or `none'.  See *Note Editing
          files::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.

`watchers [OPTIONS] [FILES...]'
     See who is watching a file.  See *Note Watch information::.

    `-l'
          Local; run only in current working directory.  See *Note
          Recursive behavior::.

    `-R'
          Operate recursively (default).  *Note Recursive behavior::.



File: cvs.info,  Node: Administrative files,  Next: Environment variables,  Prev: Invoking CVS,  Up: Top

Reference manual for Administrative files
*****************************************

   Inside the repository, in the directory `$CVSROOT/CVSROOT', there
are a number of supportive files for CVS.  You can use CVS in a limited
fashion without any of them, but if they are set up properly they can
help make life easier.  For a discussion of how to edit them, see *Note
Intro administrative files::.

   The most important of these files is the `modules' file, which
defines the modules inside the repository.

* Menu:

* modules::                     Defining modules
* Wrappers::                    Specify binary-ness based on file name
* Trigger Scripts::		Some notes on the commit support files and
				taginfo, referenced below.
* commit files::                The commit support files (commitinfo,
                                verifymsg, editinfo, loginfo)
* taginfo::                     Verifying/Logging tags
* rcsinfo::                     Templates for the log messages
* cvsignore::                   Ignoring files via cvsignore
* checkoutlist::                Adding your own administrative files
* history file::                History information
* Variables::                   Various variables are expanded
* config::                      Miscellaneous CVS configuration


File: cvs.info,  Node: modules,  Next: Wrappers,  Up: Administrative files

The modules file
================

   The `modules' file records your definitions of names for collections
of source code.  CVS will use these definitions if you use CVS to
update the modules file (use normal commands like `add', `commit', etc).

   The `modules' file may contain blank lines and comments (lines
beginning with `#') as well as module definitions.  Long lines can be
continued on the next line by specifying a backslash (`\') as the last
character on the line.

   There are three basic types of modules: alias modules, regular
modules, and ampersand modules.  The difference between them is the way
that they map files in the repository to files in the working
directory.  In all of the following examples, the top-level repository
contains a directory called `first-dir', which contains two files,
`file1' and `file2', and a directory `sdir'.  `first-dir/sdir' contains
a file `sfile'.

* Menu:

* Alias modules::             The simplest kind of module
* Regular modules::
* Ampersand modules::
* Excluding directories::     Excluding directories from a module
* Module options::            Regular and ampersand modules can take options
* Module program options::    How the modules ``program options'' programs
                              are run.


File: cvs.info,  Node: Alias modules,  Next: Regular modules,  Up: modules

Alias modules
-------------

   Alias modules are the simplest kind of module:

`MNAME -a ALIASES...'
     This represents the simplest way of defining a module MNAME.  The
     `-a' flags the definition as a simple alias: CVS will treat any
     use of MNAME (as a command argument) as if the list of names
     ALIASES had been specified instead.  ALIASES may contain either
     other module names or paths.  When you use paths in aliases,
     `checkout' creates all intermediate directories in the working
     directory, just as if the path had been specified explicitly in
     the CVS arguments.

   For example, if the modules file contains:

     amodule -a first-dir

then the following two commands are equivalent:

     $ cvs co amodule
     $ cvs co first-dir

and they each would provide output such as:

     cvs checkout: Updating first-dir
     U first-dir/file1
     U first-dir/file2
     cvs checkout: Updating first-dir/sdir
     U first-dir/sdir/sfile


File: cvs.info,  Node: Regular modules,  Next: Ampersand modules,  Prev: Alias modules,  Up: modules

Regular modules
---------------

`MNAME [ options ] DIR [ FILES... ]'
     In the simplest case, this form of module definition reduces to
     `MNAME DIR'.  This defines all the files in directory DIR as
     module mname.  DIR is a relative path (from `$CVSROOT') to a
     directory of source in the source repository.  In this case, on
     checkout, a single directory called MNAME is created as a working
     directory; no intermediate directory levels are used by default,
     even if DIR was a path involving several directory levels.

   For example, if a module is defined by:

     regmodule first-dir

then regmodule will contain the files from first-dir:

     $ cvs co regmodule
     cvs checkout: Updating regmodule
     U regmodule/file1
     U regmodule/file2
     cvs checkout: Updating regmodule/sdir
     U regmodule/sdir/sfile
     $

   By explicitly specifying files in the module definition after DIR,
you can select particular files from directory DIR.  Here is an example:

     regfiles first-dir/sdir sfile

With this definition, getting the regfiles module will create a single
working directory `regfiles' containing the file listed, which comes
from a directory deeper in the CVS source repository:

     $ cvs co regfiles
     U regfiles/sfile
     $


File: cvs.info,  Node: Ampersand modules,  Next: Excluding directories,  Prev: Regular modules,  Up: modules

Ampersand modules
-----------------

   A module definition can refer to other modules by including
`&MODULE' in its definition.
     MNAME [ options ] &MODULE...

   Then getting the module creates a subdirectory for each such module,
in the directory containing the module.  For example, if modules
contains

     ampermod &first-dir

then a checkout will create an `ampermod' directory which contains a
directory called `first-dir', which in turns contains all the
directories and files which live there.  For example, the command

     $ cvs co ampermod

will create the following files:

     ampermod/first-dir/file1
     ampermod/first-dir/file2
     ampermod/first-dir/sdir/sfile

   There is one quirk/bug: the messages that CVS prints omit the
`ampermod', and thus do not correctly display the location to which it
is checking out the files:

     $ cvs co ampermod
     cvs checkout: Updating first-dir
     U first-dir/file1
     U first-dir/file2
     cvs checkout: Updating first-dir/sdir
     U first-dir/sdir/sfile
     $

   Do not rely on this buggy behavior; it may get fixed in a future
release of CVS.


File: cvs.info,  Node: Excluding directories,  Next: Module options,  Prev: Ampersand modules,  Up: modules

Excluding directories
---------------------

   An alias module may exclude particular directories from other
modules by using an exclamation mark (`!') before the name of each
directory to be excluded.

   For example, if the modules file contains:

     exmodule -a !first-dir/sdir first-dir

then checking out the module `exmodule' will check out everything in
`first-dir' except any files in the subdirectory `first-dir/sdir'.


File: cvs.info,  Node: Module options,  Next: Module program options,  Prev: Excluding directories,  Up: modules

Module options
--------------

   Either regular modules or ampersand modules can contain options,
which supply additional information concerning the module.

`-d NAME'
     Name the working directory something other than the module name.

`-e PROG'
     Specify a program PROG to run whenever files in a module are
     exported.  PROG runs with a single argument, the module name.

`-o PROG'
     Specify a program PROG to run whenever files in a module are
     checked out.  PROG runs with a single argument, the module name.
     See *Note Module program options:: for information on how PROG is
     called.

`-s STATUS'
     Assign a status to the module.  When the module file is printed
     with `cvs checkout -s' the modules are sorted according to
     primarily module status, and secondarily according to the module
     name.  This option has no other meaning.  You can use this option
     for several things besides status: for instance, list the person
     that is responsible for this module.

`-t PROG'
     Specify a program PROG to run whenever files in a module are
     tagged with `rtag'.  PROG runs with two arguments: the module name
     and the symbolic tag specified to `rtag'.  It is not run when
     `tag' is executed.  Generally you will find that the `taginfo'
     file is a better solution (*note taginfo::).

   You should also see *note Module program options:: about how the
"program options" programs are run.


File: cvs.info,  Node: Module program options,  Prev: Module options,  Up: modules

How the modules file "program options" programs are run
-------------------------------------------------------

For checkout, rtag, and export, the program is server-based, and as
such the following applies:-

   If using remote access methods (pserver, ext, etc.), CVS will
execute this program on the server from a temporary directory. The path
is searched for this program.

   If using "local access" (on a local or remote NFS file system, i.e.
repository set just to a path), the program will be executed from the
newly checked-out tree, if found there, or alternatively searched for
in the path if not.

   The programs are all run after the operation has effectively
completed.


File: cvs.info,  Node: Wrappers,  Next: Trigger Scripts,  Prev: modules,  Up: Administrative files

The cvswrappers file
====================

   Wrappers refers to a CVS feature which lets you control certain
settings based on the name of the file which is being operated on.  The
settings are `-k' for binary files, and `-m' for nonmergeable text
files.

   The `-m' option specifies the merge methodology that should be used
when a non-binary file is updated.  `MERGE' means the usual CVS
behavior: try to merge the files.  `COPY' means that `cvs update' will
refuse to merge files, as it also does for files specified as binary
with `-kb' (but if the file is specified as binary, there is no need to
specify `-m 'COPY'').  CVS will provide the user with the two versions
of the files, and require the user using mechanisms outside CVS, to
insert any necessary changes.

   *WARNING: do not use `COPY' with CVS 1.9 or earlier - such versions
of CVS will copy one version of your file over the other, wiping out
the previous contents.* The `-m' wrapper option only affects behavior
when merging is done on update; it does not affect how files are
stored.  See *Note Binary files::, for more on binary files.

   The basic format of the file `cvswrappers' is:

     wildcard     [option value][option value]...
     
     where option is one of
     -m           update methodology      value: MERGE or COPY
     -k           keyword expansion       value: expansion mode
     
     and value is a single-quote delimited value.

   For example, the following command imports a directory, treating
files whose name ends in `.exe' as binary:

     cvs import -I ! -W "*.exe -k 'b'" first-dir vendortag reltag


File: cvs.info,  Node: Trigger Scripts,  Next: commit files,  Prev: Wrappers,  Up: Administrative files

The Trigger Scripts
===================

   Several of the administrative files support triggers, or the
launching external scripts or programs at specific times before or
after particular events.  The individual files are discussed in the
later sections, *Note commit files:: and *Note taginfo::, but some of
the common elements are discussed here.

   All the trigger scripts are launched in a copy of the user sandbox
being committed, on the server, in client-server mode.  In local mode,
the scripts are actually launched directly from the user sandbox
directory being committed.  For most intents and purposes, the same
scripts can be run in both locations without alteration.

* Menu:

* syntax::			The common syntax
* Trigger Script Security::	Trigger script security


File: cvs.info,  Node: syntax,  Next: Trigger Script Security,  Up: Trigger Scripts

The common syntax
-----------------

   The administrative files such as `commitinfo', `loginfo', `rcsinfo',
`verifymsg', etc., all have a common format.  The purpose of the files
are described later on.  The common syntax is described here.

   Each line contains the following:
   * A regular expression.  This is a basic regular expression in the
     syntax used by GNU emacs.

   * A whitespace separator--one or more spaces and/or tabs.

   * A file name or command-line template.

Blank lines are ignored.  Lines that start with the character `#' are
treated as comments.  Long lines unfortunately can _not_ be broken in
two parts in any way.

   The first regular expression that matches the current directory name
in the repository is used.  The rest of the line is used as a file name
or command-line as appropriate.


File: cvs.info,  Node: Trigger Script Security,  Prev: syntax,  Up: Trigger Scripts

Security and the Trigger Scripts
--------------------------------

   Security is a huge subject, and implementing a secure system is a
non-trivial task.  This section will barely touch on all the issues
involved, but it is well to note that, as with any script you will be
allowing an untrusted user to run on your server, there are measures
you can take to help prevent your trigger scripts from being abused.

   For instance, since the CVS trigger scripts all run in a copy of the
user's sandbox on the server, a naively coded Perl trigger script which
attempts to use a Perl module that is not installed on the system can
be hijacked by any user with commit access who is checking in a file
with the correct name.  Other scripting languages may be vulnerable to
similar hacks.

   One way to make a script more secure, at least with Perl, is to use
scripts which invoke the `-T', or "taint-check" switch on their `#!'
line.  In the most basic terms, this causes Perl to avoid running code
that may have come from an external source.  Please run the `perldoc
perlsec' command for more on Perl security.  Again, other languages may
implement other security verification hooks which look more or less
like Perl's "taint-check" mechanism.


File: cvs.info,  Node: commit files,  Next: taginfo,  Prev: Trigger Scripts,  Up: Administrative files

The commit support files
========================

   There are three kinds of trigger scripts (*note Trigger Scripts::)
that can be run at various times during a commit.  They are specified
in files in the repository, as described below.  The following table
summarizes the file names and the purpose of the corresponding programs.

`commitinfo'
     The program is responsible for checking that the commit is
     allowed.  If it exits with a non-zero exit status the commit will
     be aborted.

`verifymsg'
     The specified program is used to evaluate the log message, and
     possibly verify that it contains all required fields.  This is
     most useful in combination with the `rcsinfo' file, which can hold
     a log message template (*note rcsinfo::).

`editinfo'
     The specified program is used to edit the log message, and
     possibly verify that it contains all required fields.  This is
     most useful in combination with the `rcsinfo' file, which can hold
     a log message template (*note rcsinfo::).  (obsolete)

`loginfo'
     The specified program is called when the commit is complete.  It
     receives the log message and some additional information and can
     store the log message in a file, or mail it to appropriate
     persons, or maybe post it to a local newsgroup, or...  Your
     imagination is the limit!

* Menu:

* commitinfo::                  Pre-commit checking
* verifymsg::                   How are log messages evaluated?
* editinfo::                    Specifying how log messages are created
                                (obsolete)
* loginfo::                     Where should log messages be sent?


File: cvs.info,  Node: commitinfo,  Next: verifymsg,  Up: commit files

Commitinfo
----------

   The `commitinfo' file defines programs to execute whenever `cvs
commit' is about to execute.  These programs are used for pre-commit
checking to verify that the modified, added and removed files are really
ready to be committed.  This could be used, for instance, to verify
that the changed files conform to to your site's standards for coding
practice.

   As mentioned earlier, each line in the `commitinfo' file consists of
a regular expression and a command-line template.  The template can
include a program name and any number of arguments you wish to supply
to it.  The full path to the current source repository is appended to
the template, followed by the file names of any files involved in the
commit (added, removed, and modified files).

   The first line with a regular expression matching the directory
within the repository will be used.  If the command returns a non-zero
exit status the commit will be aborted.

   If the repository name does not match any of the regular expressions
in this file, the `DEFAULT' line is used, if it is specified.

   All occurrences of the name `ALL' appearing as a regular expression
are used in addition to the first matching regular expression or the
name `DEFAULT'.

   The command will be run in the root of the workspace containing the
new versions of any files the user would like to modify (commit), _or
in a copy of the workspace on the server (*note Remote
repositories::)_.  If a file is being removed, there will be no copy of
the file under the current directory.  If a file is being added, there
will be no corresponding archive file in the repository unless the file
is being resurrected.

   Note that both the repository directory and the corresponding Attic
(*note Attic::) directory may need to be checked to locate the archive
file corresponding to any given file being committed.  Much of the
information about the specific commit request being made, including the
destination branch, commit message, and command line options specified,
is not available to the command.


File: cvs.info,  Node: verifymsg,  Next: editinfo,  Prev: commitinfo,  Up: commit files

Verifying log messages
----------------------

   Once you have entered a log message, you can evaluate that message
to check for specific content, such as a bug ID.  Use the `verifymsg'
file to specify a program that is used to verify the log message.  This
program could be a simple script that checks that the entered message
contains the required fields.

   The `verifymsg' file is often most useful together with the
`rcsinfo' file, which can be used to specify a log message template.

   Each line in the `verifymsg' file consists of a regular expression
and a command-line template.  The template must include a program name,
and can include any number of arguments.  The full path to the current
log message template file is appended to the template.

   One thing that should be noted is that the `ALL' keyword is not
supported.  If more than one matching line is found, the first one is
used.  This can be useful for specifying a default verification script
in a directory, and then overriding it in a subdirectory.

   If the repository name does not match any of the regular expressions
in this file, the `DEFAULT' line is used, if it is specified.

   If the verification script exits with a non-zero exit status, the
commit is aborted.

   In the default configuration, CVS allows the verification script to
change the log message. This is controlled via the RereadLogAfterVerify
CVSROOT/config option.

   When `RereadLogAfterVerify=always' or `RereadLogAfterVerify=stat',
the log message will either always be reread after the verification
script is run or reread only if the log message file status has changed.

   *Note config::, for more on CVSROOT/config options.

   It is NOT a good idea for a `verifymsg' script to interact directly
with the user in the various client/server methods. For the `pserver'
method, there is no protocol support for communicating between
`verifymsg' and the client on the remote end. For the `ext' and
`server' methods, it is possible for CVS to become confused by the
characters going along the same channel as the CVS protocol messages.
See *Note Remote repositories::, for more information on client/server
setups.  In addition, at the time the `verifymsg' script runs, the CVS
server has locks in place in the repository.  If control is returned to
the user here then other users may be stuck waiting for access to the
repository.

   This option can be useful if you find yourself using an rcstemplate
that needs to be modified to remove empty elements or to fill in
default values.  It can also be useful if the rcstemplate has changed
in the repository and the CVS/Template was not updated, but is able to
be adapted to the new format by the verification script that is run by
`verifymsg'.

   An example of an update might be to change all occurrences of
'BugId:' to be 'DefectId:' (which can be useful if the rcstemplate has
recently been changed and there are still checked-out user trees with
cached copies in the CVS/Template file of the older version).

   Another example of an update might be to delete a line that contains
'BugID: none' from the log message after validation of that value as
being allowed is made.

   The following is a little silly example of a `verifymsg' file,
together with the corresponding `rcsinfo' file, the log message
template and an verification  script.  We begin with the log message
template.  We want to always record a bug-id number on the first line
of the log message.  The rest of log message is free text.  The
following template is found in the file `/usr/cvssupport/tc.template'.

     BugId:

   The script `/usr/cvssupport/bugid.verify' is used to evaluate the
log message.

     #!/bin/sh
     #
     #       bugid.verify filename
     #
     #  Verify that the log message contains a valid bugid
     #  on the first line.
     #
     if sed 1q < $1 | grep '^BugId:[ ]*[0-9][0-9]*$' > /dev/null; then
         exit 0
     elif sed 1q < $1 | grep '^BugId:[ ]*none$' > /dev/null; then
         # It is okay to allow commits with 'BugId: none',
         # but do not put that text into the real log message.
         grep -v '^BugId:[ ]*none$' > $1.rewrite
         mv $1.rewrite $1
         exit 0
     else
         echo "No BugId found."
         exit 1
     fi

   The `verifymsg' file contains this line:

     ^tc     /usr/cvssupport/bugid.verify

   The `rcsinfo' file contains this line:

     ^tc     /usr/cvssupport/tc.template

   The `config' file contains this line:

     RereadLogAfterVerify=always


File: cvs.info,  Node: editinfo,  Next: loginfo,  Prev: verifymsg,  Up: commit files

Editinfo
--------

   *Note: The `editinfo' feature has been rendered obsolete.  To set a
default editor for log messages use the `CVSEDITOR', `EDITOR'
environment variables (*note Environment variables::) or the `-e' global
option (*note Global options::).  See *Note verifymsg::, for
information on the use of the `verifymsg' feature for evaluating log
messages.*

   If you want to make sure that all log messages look the same way,
you can use the `editinfo' file to specify a program that is used to
edit the log message.  This program could be a custom-made editor that
always enforces a certain style of the log message, or maybe a simple
shell script that calls an editor, and checks that the entered message
contains the required fields.

   If no matching line is found in the `editinfo' file, the editor
specified in the environment variable `$CVSEDITOR' is used instead.  If
that variable is not set, then the environment variable `$EDITOR' is
used instead.  If that variable is not set a default will be used.  See
*Note Committing your changes::.

   The `editinfo' file is often most useful together with the `rcsinfo'
file, which can be used to specify a log message template.

   Each line in the `editinfo' file consists of a regular expression
and a command-line template.  The template must include a program name,
and can include any number of arguments.  The full path to the current
log message template file is appended to the template.

   One thing that should be noted is that the `ALL' keyword is not
supported.  If more than one matching line is found, the first one is
used.  This can be useful for specifying a default edit script in a
module, and then overriding it in a subdirectory.

   If the repository name does not match any of the regular expressions
in this file, the `DEFAULT' line is used, if it is specified.

   If the edit script exits with a non-zero exit status, the commit is
aborted.

   Note: when CVS is accessing a remote repository, or when the `-m' or
`-F' options to `cvs commit' are used, `editinfo' will not be consulted.
There is no good workaround for this; use `verifymsg' instead.

* Menu:

* editinfo example::            Editinfo example


File: cvs.info,  Node: editinfo example,  Up: editinfo

Editinfo example
................

   The following is a little silly example of a `editinfo' file,
together with the corresponding `rcsinfo' file, the log message
template and an editor script.  We begin with the log message template.
We want to always record a bug-id number on the first line of the log
message.  The rest of log message is free text.  The following template
is found in the file `/usr/cvssupport/tc.template'.

     BugId:

   The script `/usr/cvssupport/bugid.edit' is used to edit the log
message.

     #!/bin/sh
     #
     #       bugid.edit filename
     #
     #  Call $EDITOR on FILENAME, and verify that the
     #  resulting file contains a valid bugid on the first
     #  line.
     if [ "x$EDITOR" = "x" ]; then EDITOR=vi; fi
     if [ "x$CVSEDITOR" = "x" ]; then CVSEDITOR=$EDITOR; fi
     $CVSEDITOR $1
     until head -1|grep '^BugId:[ ]*[0-9][0-9]*$' < $1
     do  echo -n  "No BugId found.  Edit again? ([y]/n)"
         read ans
         case ${ans} in
             n*) exit 1;;
         esac
         $CVSEDITOR $1
     done

   The `editinfo' file contains this line:

     ^tc     /usr/cvssupport/bugid.edit

   The `rcsinfo' file contains this line:

     ^tc     /usr/cvssupport/tc.template

