\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@comment ========================================================
@comment %**start of header
@setfilename autoconf.info
@include version.texi
@settitle Autoconf
@setchapternewpage odd
@setcontentsaftertitlepage
@finalout

@c A simple macro for optional variables.
@macro ovar{varname}
@r{[}@var{\varname\}@r{]}
@end macro

@c A simple macro for optional variables with a default value.
@macro dvar{varname, default}
@r{[}@var{\varname\} = @samp{\default\}@r{]}
@end macro

@c I don't like the way URL are displayed in TeX with @uref.
@ifhtml
@macro href{url, title}
@uref{\url\, \title\}
@end macro
@end ifhtml
@ifnothtml
@macro href{url, title}
\title\@footnote{\title\, @url{\url\}.}
@end macro
@end ifnothtml

@c Define an environment variable index.
@defcodeindex ev
@c Define an output variable index.
@defcodeindex ov
@c Define a CPP variable index.
@defcodeindex cv
@c Define an Autoconf macro index that @defmac doesn't write to.
@defcodeindex ac
@c Define an Autotest macro index that @defmac doesn't write to.
@defcodeindex at
@c Define an M4sugar macro index that @defmac doesn't write to.
@defcodeindex ms
@c Define an index for *foreign* programs: `mv' etc.  Used for the
@c portability sections and so on.
@defindex pr

@c Define an index for functions: `alloca' etc.  Used for the
@c portability sections and so on.  We can't use `fn' (aka `fnindex),
@c since `@defmac' goes into it => we'd get all the macros too.

@c   FIXME: Aaarg!  It seems there are too many indices for TeX :(
@c
@c   ! No room for a new @write .
@c   l.112 @defcodeindex fu
@c
@c   so don't define yet another one :(  Just put some tags before each
@c   @prindex which is actually a @funindex.
@c
@c   @defcodeindex fu
@c
@c
@c   @c Put the programs and functions into their own index.
@c   @syncodeindex fu pr

@comment %**end of header
@comment ========================================================

@copying

This manual is for @acronym{GNU} Autoconf
(version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}),
a package for creating scripts to configure source code packages using
templates and an M4 macro package.

Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the @acronym{GNU} Free Documentation License,
Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
being ``A @acronym{GNU} Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in
(a) below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
``@acronym{GNU} Free Documentation License.''

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and
modify this @acronym{GNU} Manual, like @acronym{GNU} software.  Copies
published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for
@acronym{GNU} development.''
@end quotation
@end copying



@dircategory GNU programming tools
@direntry
* Autoconf: (autoconf).         Create source code configuration scripts
@end direntry

@dircategory Individual utilities
@direntry
* autoscan: (autoconf)autoscan Invocation.
                                Semi-automatic @file{configure.ac} writing
* ifnames: (autoconf)ifnames Invocation.
                                Listing the conditionals in source code
* autoconf: (autoconf)autoconf Invocation.
                                How to create configuration scripts
* autoreconf: (autoconf)autoreconf Invocation.
                                Remaking multiple @command{configure} scripts
* autoheader: (autoconf)autoheader Invocation.
                                How to create configuration templates
* autom4te: (autoconf)autom4te Invocation.
                                The Autoconf executables backbone
* configure: (autoconf)configure Invocation.
                                Configuring a package
* autoupdate: (autoconf)autoupdate Invocation.
                                Automatic update of @file{configure.ac}
* config.status: (autoconf)config.status Invocation.
                                Recreating a configuration
* testsuite: (autoconf)testsuite Invocation.
                                Running an Autotest test suite
@end direntry

@titlepage
@title Autoconf
@subtitle Creating Automatic Configuration Scripts
@subtitle for version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}
@author David MacKenzie
@author Ben Elliston
@author Akim Demaille
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage

@contents


@ifnottex
@node Top
@top Autoconf
@insertcopying
@end ifnottex

@c The master menu, created with texinfo-master-menu, goes here.

@menu
* Introduction::                Autoconf's purpose, strengths, and weaknesses
* The GNU Build System::        A set of tools for portable software packages
* Making configure Scripts::    How to organize and produce Autoconf scripts
* Setup::                       Initialization and output
* Existing Tests::              Macros that check for particular features
* Writing Tests::               How to write new feature checks
* Results::                     What to do with results from feature checks
* Programming in M4::           Layers on top of which Autoconf is written
* Writing Autoconf Macros::     Adding new macros to Autoconf
* Portable Shell::              Shell script portability pitfalls
* Manual Configuration::        Selecting features that can't be guessed
* Site Configuration::          Local defaults for @command{configure}
* Running configure Scripts::   How to use the Autoconf output
* config.status Invocation::    Recreating a configuration
* Obsolete Constructs::         Kept for backward compatibility
* Using Autotest::              Creating portable test suites
* FAQ::                         Frequent Autoconf Questions, with answers
* History::                     History of Autoconf
* Copying This Manual::         How to make copies of this manual
* Indices::                     Indices of symbols, concepts, etc.

@detailmenu
 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

The GNU Build System

* Automake::                    Escaping Makefile hell
* Libtool::                     Building libraries portably
* Pointers::                    More info on the @acronym{GNU} build system

Making @command{configure} Scripts

* Writing configure.ac::        What to put in an Autoconf input file
* autoscan Invocation::         Semi-automatic @file{configure.ac} writing
* ifnames Invocation::          Listing the conditionals in source code
* autoconf Invocation::         How to create configuration scripts
* autoreconf Invocation::       Remaking multiple @command{configure} scripts

Writing @file{configure.ac}

* Shell Script Compiler::       Autoconf as solution of a problem
* Autoconf Language::           Programming in Autoconf
* configure.ac Layout::         Standard organization of @file{configure.ac}

Initialization and Output Files

* Initializing configure::      Option processing etc.
* Notices::                     Copyright, version numbers in @command{configure}
* Input::                       Where Autoconf should find files
* Output::                      Outputting results from the configuration
* Configuration Actions::       Preparing the output based on results
* Configuration Files::         Creating output files
* Makefile Substitutions::      Using output variables in @file{Makefile}s
* Configuration Headers::       Creating a configuration header file
* Configuration Commands::      Running arbitrary instantiation commands
* Configuration Links::         Links depending on the configuration
* Subdirectories::              Configuring independent packages together
* Default Prefix::              Changing the default installation prefix

Substitutions in Makefiles

* Preset Output Variables::     Output variables that are always set
* Installation Directory Variables::  Other preset output variables
* Build Directories::           Supporting multiple concurrent compiles
* Automatic Remaking::          Makefile rules for configuring

Configuration Header Files

* Header Templates::            Input for the configuration headers
* autoheader Invocation::       How to create configuration templates
* Autoheader Macros::           How to specify CPP templates

Existing Tests

* Common Behavior::             Macros' standard schemes
* Alternative Programs::        Selecting between alternative programs
* Files::                       Checking for the existence of files
* Libraries::                   Library archives that might be missing
* Library Functions::           C library functions that might be missing
* Header Files::                Header files that might be missing
* Declarations::                Declarations that may be missing
* Structures::                  Structures or members that might be missing
* Types::                       Types that might be missing
* Compilers and Preprocessors::  Checking for compiling programs
* System Services::             Operating system services
* UNIX Variants::               Special kludges for specific UNIX variants

Common Behavior

* Standard Symbols::            Symbols defined by the macros
* Default Includes::            Includes used by the generic macros

Alternative Programs

* Particular Programs::         Special handling to find certain programs
* Generic Programs::            How to find other programs

Library Functions

* Function Portability::        Pitfalls with usual functions
* Particular Functions::        Special handling to find certain functions
* Generic Functions::           How to find other functions

Header Files

* Header Portability::          Collected knowledge on common headers
* Particular Headers::          Special handling to find certain headers
* Generic Headers::             How to find other headers

Declarations

* Particular Declarations::     Macros to check for certain declarations
* Generic Declarations::        How to find other declarations

Structures

* Particular Structures::       Macros to check for certain structure members
* Generic Structures::          How to find other structure members

Types

* Particular Types::            Special handling to find certain types
* Generic Types::               How to find other types

Compilers and Preprocessors

* Specific Compiler Characteristics::  Some portability issues
* Generic Compiler Characteristics::  Language independent tests
* C Compiler::                  Checking its characteristics
* C++ Compiler::                Likewise
* Fortran 77 Compiler::         Likewise

Writing Tests

* Language Choice::             Selecting which language to use for testing
* Writing Test Programs::       Forging source files for compilers
* Running the Preprocessor::    Detecting preprocessor symbols
* Running the Compiler::        Detecting language or header features
* Running the Linker::          Detecting library features
* Run Time::                    Testing for run-time features
* Systemology::                 A zoology of operating systems
* Multiple Cases::              Tests for several possible values

Writing Test Programs

* Guidelines::                  General rules for writing test programs
* Test Functions::              Avoiding pitfalls in test programs
* Generating Sources::          Source program boilerplate

Results of Tests

* Defining Symbols::            Defining C preprocessor symbols
* Setting Output Variables::    Replacing variables in output files
* Caching Results::             Speeding up subsequent @command{configure} runs
* Printing Messages::           Notifying @command{configure} users

Caching Results

* Cache Variable Names::        Shell variables used in caches
* Cache Files::                 Files @command{configure} uses for caching
* Cache Checkpointing::         Loading and saving the cache file

Programming in M4

* M4 Quotation::                Protecting macros from unwanted expansion
* Using autom4te::              The Autoconf executables backbone
* Programming in M4sugar::      Convenient pure M4 macros
* Programming in M4sh::         Common shell Constructs

M4 Quotation

* Active Characters::           Characters that change the behavior of M4
* One Macro Call::              Quotation and one macro call
* Quotation and Nested Macros::  Macros calling macros
* Changequote is Evil::         Worse than INTERCAL: M4 + changequote
* Quadrigraphs::                Another way to escape special characters
* Quotation Rule Of Thumb::     One parenthesis, one quote

Using @command{autom4te}

* autom4te Invocation::         A @acronym{GNU} M4 wrapper
* Customizing autom4te::        Customizing the Autoconf package

Programming in M4sugar

* Redefined M4 Macros::         M4 builtins changed in M4sugar
* Evaluation Macros::           More quotation and evaluation control
* Forbidden Patterns::          Catching unexpanded macros

Writing Autoconf Macros

* Macro Definitions::           Basic format of an Autoconf macro
* Macro Names::                 What to call your new macros
* Reporting Messages::          Notifying @command{autoconf} users
* Dependencies Between Macros::  What to do when macros depend on other macros
* Obsoleting Macros::           Warning about old ways of doing things
* Coding Style::                Writing Autoconf macros @`a la Autoconf

Dependencies Between Macros

* Prerequisite Macros::         Ensuring required information
* Suggested Ordering::          Warning about possible ordering problems

Portable Shell Programming

* Shellology::                  A zoology of shells
* Here-Documents::              Quirks and tricks
* File Descriptors::            FDs and redirections
* File System Conventions::     File- and pathnames
* Shell Substitutions::         Variable and command expansions
* Assignments::                 Varying side effects of assignments
* Special Shell Variables::     Variables you should not change
* Limitations of Builtins::     Portable use of not so portable /bin/sh
* Limitations of Usual Tools::  Portable use of portable tools
* Limitations of Make::         Portable Makefiles

Manual Configuration

* Specifying Names::            Specifying the system type
* Canonicalizing::              Getting the canonical system type
* Using System Type::           What to do with the system type

Site Configuration

* External Software::           Working with other optional software
* Package Options::             Selecting optional features
* Pretty Help Strings::         Formatting help string
* Site Details::                Configuring site details
* Transforming Names::          Changing program names when installing
* Site Defaults::               Giving @command{configure} local defaults

Transforming Program Names When Installing

* Transformation Options::      @command{configure} options to transform names
* Transformation Examples::     Sample uses of transforming names
* Transformation Rules::        @file{Makefile} uses of transforming names

Running @command{configure} Scripts

* Basic Installation::          Instructions for typical cases
* Compilers and Options::       Selecting compilers and optimization
* Multiple Architectures::      Compiling for multiple architectures at once
* Installation Names::          Installing in different directories
* Optional Features::           Selecting optional features
* System Type::                 Specifying the system type
* Sharing Defaults::            Setting site-wide defaults for @command{configure}
* Defining Variables::          Specifying the compiler etc.
* configure Invocation::        Changing how @command{configure} runs

Obsolete Constructs

* Obsolete config.status Use::  Different calling convention
* acconfig.h::                  Additional entries in @file{config.h.in}
* autoupdate Invocation::       Automatic update of @file{configure.ac}
* Obsolete Macros::             Backward compatibility macros
* Autoconf 1::                  Tips for upgrading your files
* Autoconf 2.13::               Some fresher tips

Upgrading From Version 1

* Changed File Names::          Files you might rename
* Changed Makefiles::           New things to put in @file{Makefile.in}
* Changed Macros::              Macro calls you might replace
* Changed Results::             Changes in how to check test results
* Changed Macro Writing::       Better ways to write your own macros

Upgrading From Version 2.13

* Changed Quotation::           Broken code which used to work
* New Macros::                  Interaction with foreign macros
* Hosts and Cross-Compilation::  Bugward compatibility kludges
* AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS::        LIBOBJS is a forbidden token
* AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO::  A more generic scheme for testing sources

Generating Test Suites with Autotest

* Using an Autotest Test Suite::  Autotest and the user
* Writing testsuite.at::        Autotest macros
* testsuite Invocation::        Running @command{testsuite} scripts
* Making testsuite Scripts::    Using autom4te to create @command{testsuite}

Using an Autotest Test Suite

* testsuite Scripts::           The concepts of Autotest
* Autotest Logs::               Their contents

Frequent Autoconf Questions, with answers

* Distributing::                Distributing @command{configure} scripts
* Why GNU m4::                  Why not use the standard M4?
* Bootstrapping::               Autoconf and @acronym{GNU} M4 require each other?
* Why Not Imake::               Why @acronym{GNU} uses @command{configure} instead of Imake
* Defining Directories::        Passing @code{datadir} to program
* autom4te.cache::              What is it?  Can I remove it?

History of Autoconf

* Genesis::                     Prehistory and naming of @command{configure}
* Exodus::                      The plagues of M4 and Perl
* Leviticus::                   The priestly code of portability arrives
* Numbers::                     Growth and contributors
* Deuteronomy::                 Approaching the promises of easy configuration

Copying This Manual

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual

Indices

* Environment Variable Index::  Index of environment variables used
* Output Variable Index::       Index of variables set in output files
* Preprocessor Symbol Index::   Index of C preprocessor symbols defined
* Autoconf Macro Index::        Index of Autoconf macros
* M4 Macro Index::              Index of M4, M4sugar, and M4sh macros
* Autotest Macro Index::        Index of Autotest macros
* Program & Function Index::    Index of those with portability problems
* Concept Index::               General index

@end detailmenu
@end menu

@c ============================================================= Introduction.

@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

@flushright
A physicist, an engineer, and a computer scientist were discussing the
nature of God.  ``Surely a Physicist,'' said the physicist, ``because
early in the Creation, God made Light; and you know, Maxwell's
equations, the dual nature of electromagnetic waves, the relativistic
consequences@dots{}'' ``An Engineer!,'' said the engineer, ``because
before making Light, God split the Chaos into Land and Water; it takes a
hell of an engineer to handle that big amount of mud, and orderly
separation of solids from liquids@dots{}'' The computer scientist
shouted: ``And the Chaos, where do you think it was coming from, hmm?''

---Anonymous
@end flushright
@c (via Franc,ois Pinard)

Autoconf is a tool for producing shell scripts that automatically
configure software source code packages to adapt to many kinds of
@sc{unix}-like systems.  The configuration scripts produced by Autoconf
are independent of Autoconf when they are run, so their users do not
need to have Autoconf.

The configuration scripts produced by Autoconf require no manual user
intervention when run; they do not normally even need an argument
specifying the system type.  Instead, they individually test for the
presence of each feature that the software package they are for might need.
(Before each check, they print a one-line message stating what they are
checking for, so the user doesn't get too bored while waiting for the
script to finish.)  As a result, they deal well with systems that are
hybrids or customized from the more common @sc{unix} variants.  There is
no need to maintain files that list the features supported by each
release of each variant of @sc{unix}.

For each software package that Autoconf is used with, it creates a
configuration script from a template file that lists the system features
that the package needs or can use.  After the shell code to recognize
and respond to a system feature has been written, Autoconf allows it to
be shared by many software packages that can use (or need) that feature.
If it later turns out that the shell code needs adjustment for some
reason, it needs to be changed in only one place; all of the
configuration scripts can be regenerated automatically to take advantage
of the updated code.

The Metaconfig package is similar in purpose to Autoconf, but the
scripts it produces require manual user intervention, which is quite
inconvenient when configuring large source trees.  Unlike Metaconfig
scripts, Autoconf scripts can support cross-compiling, if some care is
taken in writing them.

Autoconf does not solve all problems related to making portable
software packages---for a more complete solution, it should be used in
concert with other @acronym{GNU} build tools like Automake and
Libtool.  These other tools take on jobs like the creation of a
portable, recursive @file{Makefile} with all of the standard targets,
linking of shared libraries, and so on.  @xref{The GNU Build System},
for more information.

Autoconf imposes some restrictions on the names of macros used with
@code{#if} in C programs (@pxref{Preprocessor Symbol Index}).

Autoconf requires @acronym{GNU} M4 in order to generate the scripts.  It uses
features that some @sc{unix} versions of M4, including @acronym{GNU} M4 1.3,
do not have.  You must use version 1.4 or later of @acronym{GNU} M4.

@xref{Autoconf 1}, for information about upgrading from version 1.
@xref{History}, for the story of Autoconf's development.  @xref{FAQ},
for answers to some common questions about Autoconf.


See the @href{http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/autoconf.html,
Autoconf web page} for up-to-date information, details on the mailing
lists, pointers to a list of known bugs, etc.

Mail suggestions to @email{autoconf@@gnu.org, the Autoconf mailing
list}.

Bug reports should be preferably submitted to the
@href{http://bugs.gnu.org/cgi-bin/gnatsweb.pl?database=autoconf,
Autoconf Gnats database}, or sent to @email{bug-autoconf@@gnu.org, the
Autoconf Bugs mailing list}.  If possible, first check that your bug is
not already solved in current development versions, and that it has not
been reported yet.  Be sure to include all the needed information and a
short @file{configure.ac} that demonstrates the problem.

Autoconf's development tree is accessible via @acronym{CVS}; see the Autoconf
web page for details.  There is also a
@href{http://subversions.gnu.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/autoconf/, @acronym{CVS}web
interface to the Autoconf development tree}.  Patches relative to the
current @acronym{CVS} version can be sent for review to the
@email{autoconf-patches@@gnu.org, Autoconf Patches mailing list}.

Because of its mission, Autoconf includes only a set of often-used
macros that have already demonstrated their usefulness.  Nevertheless,
if you wish to share your macros, or find existing ones, see the
@href{http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/, Autoconf Macro
Archive}, which is kindly run by @email{simons@@computer.org,
Peter Simons}.


@c ================================================= The GNU Build System

@node The GNU Build System
@chapter The @acronym{GNU} Build System

Autoconf solves an important problem---reliable discovery of
system-specific build and run-time information---but this is only one
piece of the puzzle for the development of portable software.  To this
end, the @acronym{GNU} project has developed a suite of integrated
utilities to finish the job Autoconf started: the @acronym{GNU} build
system, whose most important components are Autoconf, Automake, and
Libtool.  In this chapter, we introduce you to those tools, point you
to sources of more information, and try to convince you to use the
entire @acronym{GNU} build system for your software.

@menu
* Automake::                    Escaping Makefile hell
* Libtool::                     Building libraries portably
* Pointers::                    More info on the @acronym{GNU} build system
@end menu

@node Automake
@section Automake

The ubiquity of @command{make} means that a @file{Makefile} is almost the
only viable way to distribute automatic build rules for software, but
one quickly runs into @command{make}'s numerous limitations.  Its lack of
support for automatic dependency tracking, recursive builds in
subdirectories, reliable timestamps (e.g., for network filesystems), and
so on, mean that developers must painfully (and often incorrectly)
reinvent the wheel for each project.  Portability is non-trivial, thanks
to the quirks of @command{make} on many systems.  On top of all this is the
manual labor required to implement the many standard targets that users
have come to expect (@code{make install}, @code{make distclean},
@code{make uninstall}, etc.).  Since you are, of course, using Autoconf,
you also have to insert repetitive code in your @code{Makefile.in} to
recognize @code{@@CC@@}, @code{@@CFLAGS@@}, and other substitutions
provided by @command{configure}.  Into this mess steps @dfn{Automake}.
@cindex Automake

Automake allows you to specify your build needs in a @code{Makefile.am}
file with a vastly simpler and more powerful syntax than that of a plain
@code{Makefile}, and then generates a portable @code{Makefile.in} for
use with Autoconf.  For example, the @code{Makefile.am} to build and
install a simple ``Hello world'' program might look like:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello.c
@end example

@noindent
The resulting @code{Makefile.in} (~400 lines) automatically supports all
the standard targets, the substitutions provided by Autoconf, automatic
dependency tracking, @code{VPATH} building, and so on.  @command{make} will
build the @code{hello} program, and @code{make install} will install it
in @file{/usr/local/bin} (or whatever prefix was given to
@command{configure}, if not @file{/usr/local}).

Automake may require that additional tools be present on the
@emph{developer's} machine.  For example, the @code{Makefile.in} that
the developer works with may not be portable (e.g., it might use special
features of your compiler to automatically generate dependency
information).  Running @code{make dist}, however, produces a
@file{hello-1.0.tar.gz} package (or whatever the program/version is)
with a @code{Makefile.in} that will work on any system.

The benefits of Automake increase for larger packages (especially ones
with subdirectories), but even for small programs the added convenience
and portability can be substantial.  And that's not all@enddots{}

@node Libtool
@section Libtool

Very often, one wants to build not only programs, but libraries, so that
other programs can benefit from the fruits of your labor.  Ideally, one
would like to produce @emph{shared} (dynamically linked) libraries,
which can be used by multiple programs without duplication on disk or in
memory and can be updated independently of the linked programs.
Producing shared libraries portably, however, is the stuff of
nightmares---each system has its own incompatible tools, compiler flags,
and magic incantations.  Fortunately, @acronym{GNU} provides a solution:
@dfn{Libtool}.
@cindex Libtool

Libtool handles all the requirements of building shared libraries for
you, and at this time seems to be the @emph{only} way to do so with any
portability.  It also handles many other headaches, such as: the
interaction of @code{Makefile} rules with the variable suffixes of
shared libraries, linking reliably with shared libraries before they are
installed by the superuser, and supplying a consistent versioning system
(so that different versions of a library can be installed or upgraded
without breaking binary compatibility).  Although Libtool, like
Autoconf, can be used on its own, it is most simply utilized in
conjunction with Automake---there, Libtool is used automatically
whenever shared libraries are needed, and you need not know its syntax.

@node Pointers
@section Pointers

Developers who are used to the simplicity of @command{make} for small
projects on a single system might be daunted at the prospect of
learning to use Automake and Autoconf.  As your software is
distributed to more and more users, however, you will otherwise
quickly find yourself putting lots of effort into reinventing the
services that the @acronym{GNU} build tools provide, and making the
same mistakes that they once made and overcame.  (Besides, since
you're already learning Autoconf, Automake will be a piece of cake.)

There are a number of places that you can go to for more information on
the @acronym{GNU} build tools.

@itemize @minus

@item Web

The home pages for
@href{http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/,Autoconf},
@href{http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/,Automake}, and
@href{http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/,Libtool}.

@item Automake Manual

@xref{Top,,Automake,automake,@acronym{GNU} Automake}, for more
information on Automake.

@item Books

The book @cite{@acronym{GNU} Autoconf, Automake and
Libtool}@footnote{@cite{@acronym{GNU} Autoconf, Automake and Libtool},
by G. V. Vaughan, B. Elliston, T. Tromey, and I. L. Taylor.  New
Riders, 2000, ISBN 1578701902.}  describes the complete @acronym{GNU}
build environment.  You can also find the entire book on-line at
@href{http://sources.redhat.com/autobook/,``The Goat Book'' home
page}.

@item Tutorials and Examples

The @href{http://sources.redhat.com/autoconf/,Autoconf Developer Page}
maintains links to a number of Autoconf/Automake tutorials online, and
also links to the @href{http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/,
Autoconf Macro Archive}.

@end itemize

@c ================================================= Making configure Scripts.

@node Making configure Scripts
@chapter Making @command{configure} Scripts
@cindex @file{aclocal.m4}
@cindex @command{configure}

The configuration scripts that Autoconf produces are by convention
called @command{configure}.  When run, @command{configure} creates several
files, replacing configuration parameters in them with appropriate
values.  The files that @command{configure} creates are:

@itemize @minus
@item
one or more @file{Makefile} files, usually one in each subdirectory of the
package (@pxref{Makefile Substitutions});

@item
optionally, a C header file, the name of which is configurable,
containing @code{#define} directives (@pxref{Configuration Headers});

@item
a shell script called @file{config.status} that, when run, will recreate
the files listed above (@pxref{config.status Invocation});

@item
an optional shell script normally called @file{config.cache}
(created when using @samp{configure --config-cache}) that
saves the results of running many of the tests (@pxref{Cache Files});

@item
a file called @file{config.log} containing any messages produced by
compilers, to help debugging if @command{configure} makes a mistake.
@end itemize

@cindex @file{configure.in}
@cindex @file{configure.ac}
To create a @command{configure} script with Autoconf, you need to write an
Autoconf input file @file{configure.ac} (or @file{configure.in}) and run
@command{autoconf} on it.  If you write your own feature tests to
supplement those that come with Autoconf, you might also write files
called @file{aclocal.m4} and @file{acsite.m4}.  If you use a C header
file to contain @code{#define} directives, you might also run
@command{autoheader}, and you will distribute the generated file
@file{config.h.in} with the package.

Here is a diagram showing how the files that can be used in
configuration are produced.  Programs that are executed are suffixed by
@samp{*}.  Optional files are enclosed in square brackets (@samp{[]}).
@command{autoconf} and @command{autoheader} also read the installed Autoconf
macro files (by reading @file{autoconf.m4}).

@noindent
Files used in preparing a software package for distribution:
@example
your source files --> [autoscan*] --> [configure.scan] --> configure.ac

@group
configure.ac --.
               |   .------> autoconf* -----> configure
[aclocal.m4] --+---+
               |   `-----> [autoheader*] --> [config.h.in]
[acsite.m4] ---'
@end group

Makefile.in -------------------------------> Makefile.in
@end example

@noindent
Files used in configuring a software package:
@example
@group
                       .-------------> [config.cache]
configure* ------------+-------------> config.log
                       |
[config.h.in] -.       v            .-> [config.h] -.
               +--> config.status* -+               +--> make*
Makefile.in ---'                    `-> Makefile ---'
@end group
@end example

@menu
* Writing configure.ac::        What to put in an Autoconf input file
* autoscan Invocation::         Semi-automatic @file{configure.ac} writing
* ifnames Invocation::          Listing the conditionals in source code
* autoconf Invocation::         How to create configuration scripts
* autoreconf Invocation::       Remaking multiple @command{configure} scripts
@end menu

@node Writing configure.ac
@section Writing @file{configure.ac}

To produce a @command{configure} script for a software package, create a
file called @file{configure.ac} that contains invocations of the
Autoconf macros that test the system features your package needs or can
use.  Autoconf macros already exist to check for many features; see
@ref{Existing Tests}, for their descriptions.  For most other features,
you can use Autoconf template macros to produce custom checks; see
@ref{Writing Tests}, for information about them.  For especially tricky
or specialized features, @file{configure.ac} might need to contain some
hand-crafted shell commands; see @ref{Portable Shell}.  The
@command{autoscan} program can give you a good start in writing
@file{configure.ac} (@pxref{autoscan Invocation}, for more information).

Previous versions of Autoconf promoted the name @file{configure.in},
which is somewhat ambiguous (the tool needed to process this file is not
described by its extension), and introduces a slight confusion with
@file{config.h.in} and so on (for which @samp{.in} means ``to be
processed by @command{configure}'').  Using @file{configure.ac} is now
preferred.

@menu
* Shell Script Compiler::       Autoconf as solution of a problem
* Autoconf Language::           Programming in Autoconf
* configure.ac Layout::         Standard organization of @file{configure.ac}
@end menu

@node Shell Script Compiler
@subsection A Shell Script Compiler

Just as for any other computer language, in order to properly program
@file{configure.ac} in Autoconf you must understand @emph{what} problem
the language tries to address and @emph{how} it does so.

The problem Autoconf addresses is that the world is a mess.  After all,
you are using Autoconf in order to have your package compile easily on
all sorts of different systems, some of them being extremely hostile.
Autoconf itself bears the price for these differences: @command{configure}
must run on all those systems, and thus @command{configure} must limit itself
to their lowest common denominator of features.

Naturally, you might then think of shell scripts; who needs
@command{autoconf}?  A set of properly written shell functions is enough to
make it easy to write @command{configure} scripts by hand.  Sigh!
Unfortunately, shell functions do not belong to the least common
denominator; therefore, where you would like to define a function and
use it ten times, you would instead need to copy its body ten times.

So, what is really needed is some kind of compiler, @command{autoconf},
that takes an Autoconf program, @file{configure.ac}, and transforms it
into a portable shell script, @command{configure}.

How does @command{autoconf} perform this task?

There are two obvious possibilities: creating a brand new language or
extending an existing one.  The former option is very attractive: all
sorts of optimizations could easily be implemented in the compiler and
many rigorous checks could be performed on the Autoconf program
(e.g., rejecting any non-portable construct).  Alternatively, you can
extend an existing language, such as the @code{sh} (Bourne shell)
language.

Autoconf does the latter: it is a layer on top of @code{sh}.  It was
therefore most convenient to implement @command{autoconf} as a macro
expander: a program that repeatedly performs @dfn{macro expansions} on
text input, replacing macro calls with macro bodies and producing a pure
@code{sh} script in the end.  Instead of implementing a dedicated
Autoconf macro expander, it is natural to use an existing
general-purpose macro language, such as M4, and implement the extensions
as a set of M4 macros.


@node Autoconf Language
@subsection The Autoconf Language
@cindex quotation

The Autoconf language is very different from many other computer
languages because it treats actual code the same as plain text.  Whereas
in C, for instance, data and instructions have very different syntactic
status, in Autoconf their status is rigorously the same.  Therefore, we
need a means to distinguish literal strings from text to be expanded:
quotation.

When calling macros that take arguments, there must not be any blank
space between the macro name and the open parenthesis.  Arguments should
be enclosed within the M4 quote characters @samp{[} and @samp{]}, and be
separated by commas.  Any leading spaces in arguments are ignored,
unless they are quoted.  You may safely leave out the quotes when the
argument is simple text, but @emph{always} quote complex arguments such
as other macro calls.  This rule applies recursively for every macro
call, including macros called from other macros.

For instance:

@example
AC_CHECK_HEADER([stdio.h],
                [AC_DEFINE([HAVE_STDIO_H])],
                [AC_MSG_ERROR([Sorry, can't do anything for you])])
@end example

@noindent
is quoted properly.  You may safely simplify its quotation to:

@example
AC_CHECK_HEADER(stdio.h,
                [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDIO_H)],
                [AC_MSG_ERROR([Sorry, can't do anything for you])])
@end example

@noindent
Notice that the argument of @code{AC_MSG_ERROR} is still quoted;
otherwise, its comma would have been interpreted as an argument separator.

The following example is wrong and dangerous, as it is underquoted:

@example
AC_CHECK_HEADER(stdio.h,
                AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STDIO_H),
                AC_MSG_ERROR([Sorry, can't do anything for you]))
@end example

In other cases, you may have to use text that also resembles a macro
call.  You must quote that text even when it is not passed as a macro
argument:

@example
echo "Hard rock was here!  --[AC_DC]"
@end example

@noindent
which will result in

@example
echo "Hard rock was here!  --AC_DC"
@end example

@noindent
When you use the same text in a macro argument, you must therefore have
an extra quotation level (since one is stripped away by the macro
substitution).  In general, then, it is a good idea to @emph{use double
quoting for all literal string arguments}:

@example
AC_MSG_WARN([[AC_DC stinks  --Iron Maiden]])
@end example

You are now able to understand one of the constructs of Autoconf that
has been continually misunderstood@dots{}  The rule of thumb is that
@emph{whenever you expect macro expansion, expect quote expansion};
i.e., expect one level of quotes to be lost.  For instance:

@example
AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([char b[10];],, [AC_MSG_ERROR([you lose])])
@end example

@noindent
is incorrect: here, the first argument of @code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE} is
@samp{char b[10];} and will be expanded once, which results in
@samp{char b10;}.  (There was an idiom common in Autoconf's past to
address this issue via the M4 @code{changequote} primitive, but do not
use it!)  Let's take a closer look: the author meant the first argument
to be understood as a literal, and therefore it must be quoted twice:

@example
AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([[char b[10];]],, [AC_MSG_ERROR([you lose])])
@end example

@noindent
Voil@`a, you actually produce @samp{char b[10];} this time!

The careful reader will notice that, according to these guidelines, the
``properly'' quoted @code{AC_CHECK_HEADER} example above is actually
lacking three pairs of quotes!  Nevertheless, for the sake of readability,
double quotation of literals is used only where needed in this manual.

Some macros take optional arguments, which this documentation represents
as @ovar{arg} (not to be confused with the quote characters).  You may
just leave them empty, or use @samp{[]} to make the emptiness of the
argument explicit, or you may simply omit the trailing commas.  The
three lines below are equivalent:

@example
AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdio.h, [], [], [])
AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdio.h,,,)
AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdio.h)
@end example

It is best to put each macro call on its own line in
@file{configure.ac}.  Most of the macros don't add extra newlines; they
rely on the newline after the macro call to terminate the commands.
This approach makes the generated @command{configure} script a little
easier to read by not inserting lots of blank lines.  It is generally
safe to set shell variables on the same line as a macro call, because
the shell allows assignments without intervening newlines.

You can include comments in @file{configure.ac} files by starting them
with the @samp{#}.  For example, it is helpful to begin
@file{configure.ac} files with a line like this:

@example
# Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
@end example

@node configure.ac Layout
@subsection Standard @file{configure.ac} Layout

The order in which @file{configure.ac} calls the Autoconf macros is not
important, with a few exceptions.  Every @file{configure.ac} must
contain a call to @code{AC_INIT} before the checks, and a call to
@code{AC_OUTPUT} at the end (@pxref{Output}).  Additionally, some macros
rely on other macros having been called first, because they check
previously set values of some variables to decide what to do.  These
macros are noted in the individual descriptions (@pxref{Existing
Tests}), and they also warn you when @command{configure} is created if they
are called out of order.

To encourage consistency, here is a suggested order for calling the
Autoconf macros.  Generally speaking, the things near the end of this
list are those that could depend on things earlier in it.  For example,
library functions could be affected by types and libraries.

@display
@group
Autoconf requirements
@code{AC_INIT(@var{package}, @var{version}, @var{bug-report-address})}
information on the package
checks for programs
checks for libraries
checks for header files
checks for types
checks for structures
checks for compiler characteristics
checks for library functions
checks for system services
@code{AC_CONFIG_FILES(@r{[}@var{file@dots{}}@r{]})}
@code{AC_OUTPUT}
@end group
@end display


@node autoscan Invocation
@section Using @command{autoscan} to Create @file{configure.ac}
@cindex @command{autoscan}

The @command{autoscan} program can help you create and/or maintain a
@file{configure.ac} file for a software package.  @command{autoscan}
examines source files in the directory tree rooted at a directory given
as a command line argument, or the current directory if none is given.
It searches the source files for common portability problems and creates
a file @file{configure.scan} which is a preliminary @file{configure.ac}
for that package, and checks a possibly existing @file{configure.ac} for
completeness.

When using @command{autoscan} to create a @file{configure.ac}, you
should manually examine @file{configure.scan} before renaming it to
@file{configure.ac}; it will probably need some adjustments.
Occasionally, @command{autoscan} outputs a macro in the wrong order
relative to another macro, so that @command{autoconf} produces a warning;
you need to move such macros manually.  Also, if you want the package to
use a configuration header file, you must add a call to
@code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS} (@pxref{Configuration Headers}).  You might
also have to change or add some @code{#if} directives to your program in
order to make it work with Autoconf (@pxref{ifnames Invocation}, for
information about a program that can help with that job).

When using @command{autoscan} to maintain a @file{configure.ac}, simply
consider adding its suggestions.  The file @file{autoscan.log} will
contain detailed information on why a macro is requested.

@command{autoscan} uses several data files (installed along with Autoconf)
to determine which macros to output when it finds particular symbols in
a package's source files.  These data files all have the same format:
each line consists of a symbol, whitespace, and the Autoconf macro to
output if that symbol is encountered.  Lines starting with @samp{#} are
comments.

@command{autoscan} accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

@item --verbose
@itemx -v
Print the names of the files it examines and the potentially interesting
symbols it finds in them.  This output can be voluminous.

@item --include=@var{dir}
@itemx -I @var{dir}
Append @var{dir} to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

@item --prepend-include=@var{dir}
@item -B @var{dir}
Prepend @var{dir} to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.
@end table

@node ifnames Invocation
@section Using @command{ifnames} to List Conditionals
@cindex @command{ifnames}

@command{ifnames} can help you write @file{configure.ac} for a software
package.  It prints the identifiers that the package already uses in C
preprocessor conditionals.  If a package has already been set up to have
some portability, @command{ifnames} can thus help you figure out what its
@command{configure} needs to check for.  It may help fill in some gaps in a
@file{configure.ac} generated by @command{autoscan} (@pxref{autoscan
Invocation}).

@command{ifnames} scans all of the C source files named on the command line
(or the standard input, if none are given) and writes to the standard
output a sorted list of all the identifiers that appear in those files
in @code{#if}, @code{#elif}, @code{#ifdef}, or @code{#ifndef}
directives.  It prints each identifier on a line, followed by a
space-separated list of the files in which that identifier occurs.

@noindent
@command{ifnames} accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.
@end table

@node autoconf Invocation
@section Using @command{autoconf} to Create @command{configure}
@cindex @command{autoconf}

To create @command{configure} from @file{configure.ac}, run the
@command{autoconf} program with no arguments.  @command{autoconf} processes
@file{configure.ac} with the M4 macro processor, using the
Autoconf macros.  If you give @command{autoconf} an argument, it reads that
file instead of @file{configure.ac} and writes the configuration script
to the standard output instead of to @command{configure}.  If you give
@command{autoconf} the argument @option{-}, it reads from the standard
input instead of @file{configure.ac} and writes the configuration script
to the standard output.

The Autoconf macros are defined in several files.  Some of the files are
distributed with Autoconf; @command{autoconf} reads them first.  Then it
looks for the optional file @file{acsite.m4} in the directory that
contains the distributed Autoconf macro files, and for the optional file
@file{aclocal.m4} in the current directory.  Those files can contain
your site's or the package's own Autoconf macro definitions
(@pxref{Writing Autoconf Macros}, for more information).  If a macro is
defined in more than one of the files that @command{autoconf} reads, the
last definition it reads overrides the earlier ones.

@command{autoconf} accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

@item --verbose
@itemx -v
Report processing steps.

@item --debug
@itemx -d
Don't remove the temporary files.

@item --force
@itemx -f
Remake @file{configure} even if newer than its input files.

@item --include=@var{dir}
@itemx -I @var{dir}
Append @var{dir} to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

@item --prepend-include=@var{dir}
@item -B @var{dir}
Prepend @var{dir} to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

@item --output=@var{file}
@itemx -o @var{file}
Save output (script or trace) to @var{file}.  The file @option{-} stands
for the standard output.

@item --warnings=@var{category}
@itemx -W @var{category}
@evindex WARNINGS
Report the warnings related to @var{category} (which can actually be a
comma separated list).  @xref{Reporting Messages}, macro
@code{AC_DIAGNOSE}, for a comprehensive list of categories.  Special
values include:

@table @samp
@item all
report all the warnings

@item none
report none

@item error
treats warnings as errors

@item no-@var{category}
disable warnings falling into @var{category}
@end table

Warnings about @samp{syntax} are enabled by default, and the environment
variable @code{WARNINGS}, a comma separated list of categories, is
honored.  Passing @samp{-W @var{category}} will actually behave as if
you had passed @samp{--warnings=syntax,$WARNINGS,@var{category}}.  If
you want to disable the defaults and @code{WARNINGS}, but (for example)
enable the warnings about obsolete constructs, you would use @option{-W
none,obsolete}.

@cindex Back trace
@cindex Macro invocation stack
Because @command{autoconf} uses @command{autom4te} behind the scenes, it
displays a back trace for errors, but not for warnings; if you want
them, just pass @option{-W error}.  @xref{autom4te Invocation}, for some
examples.

@item --trace=@var{macro}[:@var{format}]
@itemx -t @var{macro}[:@var{format}]
Do not create the @command{configure} script, but list the calls to
@var{macro} according to the @var{format}.  Multiple @option{--trace}
arguments can be used to list several macros.  Multiple @option{--trace}
arguments for a single macro are not cumulative; instead, you should
just make @var{format} as long as needed.

The @var{format} is a regular string, with newlines if desired, and
several special escape codes.  It defaults to @samp{$f:$l:$n:$%}; see
@ref{autom4te Invocation}, for details on the @var{format}.

@item --initialization
@itemx -i
By default, @option{--trace} does not trace the initialization of the
Autoconf macros (typically the @code{AC_DEFUN} definitions).  This
results in a noticeable speedup, but can be disabled by this option.
@end table


It is often necessary to check the content of a @file{configure.ac}
file, but parsing it yourself is extremely fragile and error-prone.  It
is suggested that you rely upon @option{--trace} to scan
@file{configure.ac}.  For instance, to find the list of variables that
are substituted, use:

@example
@group
$ @kbd{autoconf -t AC_SUBST}
configure.ac:2:AC_SUBST:ECHO_C
configure.ac:2:AC_SUBST:ECHO_N
configure.ac:2:AC_SUBST:ECHO_T
@i{More traces deleted}
@end group
@end example

@noindent
The example below highlights the difference between @samp{$@@},
@samp{$*}, and @strong{$%}.

@example
@group
$ @kbd{cat configure.ac}
AC_DEFINE(This, is, [an
[example]])
$ @kbd{autoconf -t 'AC_DEFINE:@@: $@@}
*: $*
$: $%'
@@: [This],[is],[an
[example]]
*: This,is,an
[example]
$: This:is:an [example]
@end group
@end example

@noindent
The @var{format} gives you a lot of freedom:

@example
@group
$ @kbd{autoconf -t 'AC_SUBST:$$ac_subst@{"$1"@} = "$f:$l";'}
$ac_subst@{"ECHO_C"@} = "configure.ac:2";
$ac_subst@{"ECHO_N"@} = "configure.ac:2";
$ac_subst@{"ECHO_T"@} = "configure.ac:2";
@i{More traces deleted}
@end group
@end example

@noindent
A long @var{separator} can be used to improve the readability of complex
structures, and to ease their parsing (for instance when no single
character is suitable as a separator):

@example
@group
$ @kbd{autoconf -t 'AM_MISSING_PROG:$@{|:::::|@}*'}
ACLOCAL|:::::|aclocal|:::::|$missing_dir
AUTOCONF|:::::|autoconf|:::::|$missing_dir
AUTOMAKE|:::::|automake|:::::|$missing_dir
@i{More traces deleted}
@end group
@end example

@node autoreconf Invocation
@section Using @command{autoreconf} to Update @command{configure} Scripts
@cindex @command{autoreconf}

Installing the various components of the @acronym{GNU} Build System can be
tedious: running @command{autopoint} for Gettext, @command{automake} for
@file{Makefile.in} etc.@: in each directory.  It may be needed either
because some tools such as @command{automake} have been updated on your
system, or because some of the sources such as @file{configure.ac} have
been updated, or finally, simply in order to install the @acronym{GNU} Build
System in a fresh tree.

@command{autoreconf} runs @command{autoconf}, @command{autoheader},
@command{aclocal}, @command{automake}, @command{libtoolize}, and
@command{autopoint} (when appropriate) repeatedly to update the
@acronym{GNU} Build System in the specified directories and their
subdirectories (@pxref{Subdirectories}).  By default, it only remakes
those files that are older than their sources.

If you install a new version of some tool, you can make
@command{autoreconf} remake @emph{all} of the files by giving it the
@option{--force} option.

@xref{Automatic Remaking}, for @file{Makefile} rules to automatically
remake @command{configure} scripts when their source files change.  That
method handles the timestamps of configuration header templates
properly, but does not pass @option{--autoconf-dir=@var{dir}} or
@option{--localdir=@var{dir}}.

@noindent
@command{autoreconf} accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

@item --verbose
Print the name of each directory where @command{autoreconf} runs
@command{autoconf} (and @command{autoheader}, if appropriate).

@item --debug
@itemx -d
Don't remove the temporary files.

@item --force
@itemx -f
Remake even @file{configure} scripts and configuration headers that are
newer than their input files (@file{configure.ac} and, if present,
@file{aclocal.m4}).

@item --install
@itemx -i
Install the missing auxiliary files in the package.  By default, files
are copied; this can be changed with @option{--symlink}.

This option triggers calls to @samp{automake --add-missing},
@samp{libtoolize}, @samp{autopoint}, etc.

@item --symlink
@itemx -s
When used with @option{--install}, install symbolic links to the missing
auxiliary files instead of copying them.

@item --make
@itemx -m
When the directories were configured, update the configuration by
running @samp{./config.status --recheck && ./config.status}, and then
run @samp{make}.

@item --include=@var{dir}
@itemx -I @var{dir}
Append @var{dir} to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

@item --prepend-include=@var{dir}
@item -B @var{dir}
Prepend @var{dir} to the include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

@item --warnings=@var{category}
@itemx -W @var{category}
@evindex WARNINGS
Report the warnings related to @var{category} (which can actually be a
comma separated list).

@table @samp
@item cross
related to cross compilation issues.

@item obsolete
report the uses of obsolete constructs.

@item portability
portability issues

@item syntax
dubious syntactic constructs.

@item all
report all the warnings

@item none
report none

@item error
treats warnings as errors

@item no-@var{category}
disable warnings falling into @var{category}
@end table

Warnings about @samp{syntax} are enabled by default, and the environment
variable @code{WARNINGS}, a comma separated list of categories, is
honored.  Passing @samp{-W @var{category}} will actually behave as if
you had passed @samp{--warnings=syntax,$WARNINGS,@var{category}}.  If
you want to disable the defaults and @code{WARNINGS}, but (for example)
enable the warnings about obsolete constructs, you would use @option{-W
none,obsolete}.
@end table


@c ========================================= Initialization and Output Files.

@node Setup
@chapter Initialization and Output Files

Autoconf-generated @command{configure} scripts need some information about
how to initialize, such as how to find the package's source files and
about the output files to produce.  The following sections describe the
initialization and the creation of output files.

@menu
* Initializing configure::      Option processing etc.
* Notices::                     Copyright, version numbers in @command{configure}
* Input::                       Where Autoconf should find files
* Output::                      Outputting results from the configuration
* Configuration Actions::       Preparing the output based on results
* Configuration Files::         Creating output files
* Makefile Substitutions::      Using output variables in @file{Makefile}s
* Configuration Headers::       Creating a configuration header file
* Configuration Commands::      Running arbitrary instantiation commands
* Configuration Links::         Links depending on the configuration
* Subdirectories::              Configuring independent packages together
* Default Prefix::              Changing the default installation prefix
@end menu

@node Initializing configure
@section Initializing @command{configure}

Every @command{configure} script must call @code{AC_INIT} before doing
anything else.  The only other required macro is @code{AC_OUTPUT}
(@pxref{Output}).

@defmac AC_INIT (@var{package}, @var{version}, @ovar{bug-report}, @ovar{tarname})
@acindex INIT
Process any command-line arguments and perform various initializations
and verifications.

Set the name of the @var{package} and its @var{version}.  These are
typically used in @option{--version} support, including that of
@command{configure}.  The optional argument @var{bug-report} should be
the email to which users should send bug reports.  The package
@var{tarname} differs from @var{package}: the latter designates the full
package name (e.g., @samp{GNU Autoconf}), while the former is meant for
distribution tar ball names (e.g., @samp{autoconf}).  It defaults to
@var{package} with @samp{GNU } stripped, lower-cased, and all characters
other than alphanumerics and underscores are changed to @samp{-}.

It is preferable that the arguments of @code{AC_INIT} be static, i.e.,
there should not be any shell computation, but they can be computed by
M4.

The following M4 macros (e.g., @code{AC_PACKAGE_NAME}), output variables
(e.g., @code{PACKAGE_NAME}), and preprocessor symbols (e.g.,
@code{PACKAGE_NAME}) are defined by @code{AC_INIT}:

@table @asis
@item @code{AC_PACKAGE_NAME}, @code{PACKAGE_NAME}
@acindex PACKAGE_NAME
@ovindex PACKAGE_NAME
@cvindex PACKAGE_NAME
Exactly @var{package}.

@item @code{AC_PACKAGE_TARNAME}, @code{PACKAGE_TARNAME}
@acindex PACKAGE_TARNAME
@ovindex PACKAGE_TARNAME
@cvindex PACKAGE_TARNAME
Exactly @var{tarname}.

@item @code{AC_PACKAGE_VERSION}, @code{PACKAGE_VERSION}
@acindex PACKAGE_VERSION
@ovindex PACKAGE_VERSION
@cvindex PACKAGE_VERSION
Exactly @var{version}.

@item @code{AC_PACKAGE_STRING}, @code{PACKAGE_STRING}
@acindex PACKAGE_STRING
@ovindex PACKAGE_STRING
@cvindex PACKAGE_STRING
Exactly @samp{@var{package} @var{version}}.

@item @code{AC_PACKAGE_BUGREPORT}, @code{PACKAGE_BUGREPORT}
@acindex PACKAGE_BUGREPORT
@ovindex PACKAGE_BUGREPORT
@cvindex PACKAGE_BUGREPORT
Exactly @var{bug-report}.
@end table
@end defmac


@node Notices
@section Notices in @command{configure}

The following macros manage version numbers for @command{configure}
scripts.  Using them is optional.

@c FIXME: AC_PREREQ should not be here
@defmac AC_PREREQ (@var{version})
@acindex PREREQ
@cindex Version
Ensure that a recent enough version of Autoconf is being used.  If the
version of Autoconf being used to create @command{configure} is earlier
than @var{version}, print an error message to the standard error output
and do not create @command{configure}.  For example:

@example
AC_PREREQ(@value{VERSION})
@end example

This macro is the only macro that may be used before @code{AC_INIT}, but
for consistency, you are invited not to do so.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_COPYRIGHT (@var{copyright-notice})
@acindex COPYRIGHT
@cindex Copyright Notice
State that, in addition to the Free Software Foundation's copyright on
the Autoconf macros, parts of your @command{configure} are covered by the
@var{copyright-notice}.

The @var{copyright-notice} will show up in both the head of
@command{configure} and in @samp{configure --version}.
@end defmac


@defmac AC_REVISION (@var{revision-info})
@acindex REVISION
@cindex Revision
Copy revision stamp @var{revision-info} into the @command{configure}
script, with any dollar signs or double-quotes removed.  This macro lets
you put a revision stamp from @file{configure.ac} into @command{configure}
without @acronym{RCS} or @acronym{CVS} changing it when you check in
@command{configure}.  That way, you can determine easily which revision of
@file{configure.ac} a particular @command{configure} corresponds to.

For example, this line in @file{configure.ac}:

@c The asis prevents RCS from changing the example in the manual.
@example
AC_REVISION($@asis{Revision: 1.30 }$)
@end example

@noindent
produces this in @command{configure}:

@example
#! /bin/sh
# From configure.ac Revision: 1.30
@end example
@end defmac


@node Input
@section Finding @command{configure} Input


@defmac AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR (@var{unique-file-in-source-dir})
@acindex CONFIG_SRCDIR
@var{unique-file-in-source-dir} is some file that is in the package's
source directory; @command{configure} checks for this file's existence to
make sure that the directory that it is told contains the source code in
fact does.  Occasionally people accidentally specify the wrong directory
with @option{--srcdir}; this is a safety check.  @xref{configure
Invocation}, for more information.
@end defmac


@c FIXME: Remove definitively once --install explained.
@c
@c Small packages may store all their macros in @code{aclocal.m4}.  As the
@c set of macros grows, or for maintenance reasons, a maintainer may prefer
@c to split the macros in several files.  In this case, Autoconf must be
@c told which files to load, and in which order.
@c
@c @defmac AC_INCLUDE (@var{file}@dots{})
@c @acindex INCLUDE
@c @c FIXME: There is no longer shell globbing.
@c Read the macro definitions that appear in the listed files.  A list of
@c space-separated filenames or shell globbing patterns is expected.  The
@c files will be read in the order they're listed.
@c
@c Because the order of definition of macros is important (only the last
@c definition of a macro is used), beware that it is @code{AC_INIT} that
@c loads @file{acsite.m4} and @file{aclocal.m4}.  Note that
@c @code{AC_INCLUDE}ing a file before @code{AC_INIT} or within
@c @file{aclocal.m4} is different from doing so after @code{AC_INIT}: in
@c the latter case, non-macro lines from included files may end up in the
@c @file{configure} script, whereas in the former case, they'd be discarded
@c just like any text that appear before @code{AC_INIT}.
@c @end defmac

Packages that do manual configuration or use the @code{install} program
might need to tell @command{configure} where to find some other shell
scripts by calling @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR}, though the default places
it looks are correct for most cases.

@defmac AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR (@var{dir})
@acindex CONFIG_AUX_DIR
Use the auxiliary build tools (e.g., @file{install-sh},
@file{config.sub}, @file{config.guess}, Cygnus @command{configure},
Automake and Libtool scripts etc.) that are in directory @var{dir}.
These are auxiliary files used in configuration.  @var{dir} can be
either absolute or relative to @file{@var{srcdir}}.  The default is
@file{@var{srcdir}} or @file{@var{srcdir}/..} or
@file{@var{srcdir}/../..}, whichever is the first that contains
@file{install-sh}.  The other files are not checked for, so that using
@code{AC_PROG_INSTALL} does not automatically require distributing the
other auxiliary files.  It checks for @file{install.sh} also, but that
name is obsolete because some @code{make} have a rule that creates
@file{install} from it if there is no @file{Makefile}.
@end defmac


@node Output
@section Outputting Files

Every Autoconf script, e.g., @file{configure.ac}, should finish by
calling @code{AC_OUTPUT}.  That is the macro that generates
@file{config.status}, which will create the @file{Makefile}s and any
other files resulting from configuration.  This is the only required
macro besides @code{AC_INIT} (@pxref{Input}).

@defmac AC_OUTPUT
@acindex OUTPUT
@cindex Instantiation
Generate @file{config.status} and launch it.  Call this macro once, at
the end of @file{configure.ac}.

@file{config.status} will perform all the configuration actions: all the
output files (see @ref{Configuration Files}, macro
@code{AC_CONFIG_FILES}), header files (see @ref{Configuration Headers},
macro @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}), commands (see @ref{Configuration
Commands}, macro @code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS}), links (see
@ref{Configuration Links}, macro @code{AC_CONFIG_LINKS}), subdirectories
to configure (see @ref{Subdirectories}, macro @code{AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS})
are honored.
@end defmac

Historically, the usage of @code{AC_OUTPUT} was somewhat different.
@xref{Obsolete Macros}, for a description of the arguments that
@code{AC_OUTPUT} used to support.


If you run @command{make} in subdirectories, you should run it using the
@code{make} variable @code{MAKE}.  Most versions of @command{make} set
@code{MAKE} to the name of the @command{make} program plus any options it
was given.  (But many do not include in it the values of any variables
set on the command line, so those are not passed on automatically.)
Some old versions of @command{make} do not set this variable.  The
following macro allows you to use it even with those versions.

@defmac AC_PROG_MAKE_SET
@acindex PROG_MAKE_SET
@ovindex SET_MAKE
If @command{make} predefines the Make variable @code{MAKE}, define
output variable @code{SET_MAKE} to be empty.  Otherwise, define
@code{SET_MAKE} to contain @samp{MAKE=make}.  Calls @code{AC_SUBST} for
@code{SET_MAKE}.
@end defmac

If you use this macro, place a line like this in each @file{Makefile.in}
that runs @code{MAKE} on other directories:

@example
@@SET_MAKE@@
@end example



@node Configuration Actions
@section Performing Configuration Actions

@file{configure} is designed so that it appears to do everything itself,
but there is actually a hidden slave: @file{config.status}.
@file{configure} is in charge of examining your system, but it is
@file{config.status} that actually takes the proper actions based on the
results of @file{configure}.  The most typical task of
@file{config.status} is to @emph{instantiate} files.

This section describes the common behavior of the four standard
instantiating macros: @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES}, @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS},
@code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS} and @code{AC_CONFIG_LINKS}.  They all
have this prototype:

@c FIXME: Can't use @ovar here, Texinfo 4.0 goes lunatic and emits something
@c awful.
@example
AC_CONFIG_FOOS(@var{tag}@dots{}, [@var{commands}], [@var{init-cmds}])
@end example

@noindent
where the arguments are:

@table @var
@item @var{tag}@dots{}
A whitespace-separated list of tags, which are typically the names of
the files to instantiate.

You are encouraged to use literals as @var{tags}.  In particular, you
should avoid

@example
@dots{} && my_foos="$my_foos fooo"
@dots{} && my_foos="$my_foos foooo"
AC_CONFIG_FOOS($my_foos)
@end example

@noindent
and use this instead:

@example
@dots{} && AC_CONFIG_FOOS(fooo)
@dots{} && AC_CONFIG_FOOS(foooo)
@end example

The macros @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} and @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS} use
special @var{tag}s: they may have the form @samp{@var{output}} or
@samp{@var{output}:@var{inputs}}.  The file @var{output} is instantiated
from its templates, @var{inputs} (defaulting to @samp{@var{output}.in}).

For instance
@samp{AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:boiler/top.mk:boiler/bot.mk)} asks for
the creation of @file{Makefile} that will be the expansion of the
output variables in the concatenation of @file{boiler/top.mk} and
@file{boiler/bot.mk}.

The special value @samp{-} might be used to denote the standard output
when used in @var{output}, or the standard input when used in the
@var{inputs}.  You most probably don't need to use this in
@file{configure.ac}, but it is convenient when using the command line
interface of @file{./config.status}, see @ref{config.status Invocation},
for more details.

The @var{inputs} may be absolute or relative filenames.  In the latter
case they are first looked for in the build tree, and then in the source
tree.

@item commands
Shell commands output literally into @file{config.status}, and
associated with a tag that the user can use to tell @file{config.status}
which the commands to run.  The commands are run each time a @var{tag}
request is given to @file{config.status}, typically each time the file
@file{@var{tag}} is created.

The variables set during the execution of @command{configure} are
@emph{not} available here: you first need to set them via the
@var{init-cmds}.  Nonetheless the following variables are precomputed:

@table @code
@item srcdir
The path from the top build directory to the top source directory.  This
is what @command{configure}'s option @option{--srcdir} sets.

@item ac_top_srcdir
The path from the current build directory to the top source directory.


@item ac_top_builddir
The path from the current build directory to the top build directory.
It can be empty, or else ends with a slash, so that you may concatenate
it.

@item ac_srcdir
The path from the current build directory to the corresponding source
directory.
@end table

@noindent
The @dfn{current} directory refers to the directory (or
pseudo-directory) containing the input part of @var{tags}.  For
instance, running

@example
AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([deep/dir/out:in/in.in], [@dots{}], [@dots{}])
@end example

@noindent
 with @option{--srcdir=../package} produces the following values:

@example
# Argument of --srcdir
srcdir='../package'
# Reversing deep/dir
ac_top_builddir='../../'
# Concatenation of $ac_top_builddir and srcdir
ac_top_srcdir='../../../package'
# Concatenation of $ac_top_srcdir and deep/dir
ac_srcdir='../../../package/deep/dir'
@end example

@noindent
independently of @samp{in/in.in}.

@item init-cmds
Shell commands output @emph{unquoted} near the beginning of
@file{config.status}, and executed each time @file{config.status} runs
(regardless of the tag).  Because they are unquoted, for example,
@samp{$var} will be output as the value of @code{var}.  @var{init-cmds}
is typically used by @file{configure} to give @file{config.status} some
variables it needs to run the @var{commands}.

You should be extremely cautious in your variable names: all the
@var{init-cmds} share the same name space and may overwrite each other
in unpredictable ways.  Sorry@enddots{}
@end table

All these macros can be called multiple times, with different
@var{tag}s, of course!


@node Configuration Files
@section Creating Configuration Files

Be sure to read the previous section, @ref{Configuration Actions}.

@defmac AC_CONFIG_FILES (@var{file}@dots{}, @ovar{cmds}, @ovar{init-cmds})
@acindex CONFIG_FILES
Make @code{AC_OUTPUT} create each @file{@var{file}} by copying an input
file (by default @file{@var{file}.in}), substituting the output variable
values.
@c Before we used to have this feature, which was later rejected
@c because it complicates the write of Makefiles:
@c If the file would be unchanged, it is left untouched, to preserve
@c timestamp.
This macro is one of the instantiating macros; see @ref{Configuration
Actions}.  @xref{Makefile Substitutions}, for more information on using
output variables.  @xref{Setting Output Variables}, for more information
on creating them.  This macro creates the directory that the file is in
if it doesn't exist.  Usually, @file{Makefile}s are created this way,
but other files, such as @file{.gdbinit}, can be specified as well.

Typical calls to @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} look like this:

@example
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile man/Makefile X/Imakefile])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([autoconf], [chmod +x autoconf])
@end example

You can override an input file name by appending to @var{file} a
colon-separated list of input files.  Examples:

@example
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile:boiler/top.mk:boiler/bot.mk]
                [lib/Makefile:boiler/lib.mk])
@end example

@noindent
Doing this allows you to keep your file names acceptable to MS-DOS, or
to prepend and/or append boilerplate to the file.
@end defmac



@node Makefile Substitutions
@section Substitutions in Makefiles

Each subdirectory in a distribution that contains something to be
compiled or installed should come with a file @file{Makefile.in}, from
which @command{configure} will create a @file{Makefile} in that directory.
To create a @file{Makefile}, @command{configure} performs a simple variable
substitution, replacing occurrences of @samp{@@@var{variable}@@} in
@file{Makefile.in} with the value that @command{configure} has determined
for that variable.  Variables that are substituted into output files in
this way are called @dfn{output variables}.  They are ordinary shell
variables that are set in @command{configure}.  To make @command{configure}
substitute a particular variable into the output files, the macro
@code{AC_SUBST} must be called with that variable name as an argument.
Any occurrences of @samp{@@@var{variable}@@} for other variables are
left unchanged.  @xref{Setting Output Variables}, for more information
on creating output variables with @code{AC_SUBST}.

A software package that uses a @command{configure} script should be
distributed with a file @file{Makefile.in}, but no @file{Makefile}; that
way, the user has to properly configure the package for the local system
before compiling it.

@xref{Makefile Conventions,, Makefile Conventions, standards, The
@acronym{GNU} Coding Standards}, for more information on what to put in
@file{Makefile}s.

@menu
* Preset Output Variables::     Output variables that are always set
* Installation Directory Variables::  Other preset output variables
* Build Directories::           Supporting multiple concurrent compiles
* Automatic Remaking::          Makefile rules for configuring
@end menu

@node Preset Output Variables
@subsection Preset Output Variables

Some output variables are preset by the Autoconf macros.  Some of the
Autoconf macros set additional output variables, which are mentioned in
the descriptions for those macros.  @xref{Output Variable Index}, for a
complete list of output variables.  @xref{Installation Directory
Variables}, for the list of the preset ones related to installation
directories.  Below are listed the other preset ones.  They all are
precious variables (@pxref{Setting Output Variables},
@code{AC_ARG_VAR}).

@c Just say no to ASCII sorting!  We're humans, not computers.
@c These variables are listed as they would be in a dictionary:
@c actor
@c Actress
@c actress

@defvar CFLAGS
@ovindex CFLAGS
Debugging and optimization options for the C compiler.  If it is not set
in the environment when @command{configure} runs, the default value is set
when you call @code{AC_PROG_CC} (or empty if you don't).  @command{configure}
uses this variable when compiling programs to test for C features.
@end defvar

@defvar configure_input
@ovindex configure_input
A comment saying that the file was generated automatically by
@command{configure} and giving the name of the input file.
@code{AC_OUTPUT} adds a comment line containing this variable to the top
of every @file{Makefile} it creates.  For other files, you should
reference this variable in a comment at the top of each input file.  For
example, an input shell script should begin like this:

@example
#! /bin/sh
# @@configure_input@@
@end example

@noindent
The presence of that line also reminds people editing the file that it
needs to be processed by @command{configure} in order to be used.
@end defvar

@defvar CPPFLAGS
@ovindex CPPFLAGS
Header file search directory (@option{-I@var{dir}}) and any other
miscellaneous options for the C and C++ preprocessors and compilers.  If
it is not set in the environment when @command{configure} runs, the default
value is empty.  @command{configure} uses this variable when compiling or
preprocessing programs to test for C and C++ features.
@end defvar

@defvar CXXFLAGS
@ovindex CXXFLAGS
Debugging and optimization options for the C++ compiler.  If it is not
set in the environment when @command{configure} runs, the default value is
set when you call @code{AC_PROG_CXX} (or empty if you don't).
@command{configure} uses this variable when compiling programs to test for
C++ features.
@end defvar

@defvar DEFS
@ovindex DEFS
@option{-D} options to pass to the C compiler.  If @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}
is called, @command{configure} replaces @samp{@@DEFS@@} with
@option{-DHAVE_CONFIG_H} instead (@pxref{Configuration Headers}).  This
variable is not defined while @command{configure} is performing its tests,
only when creating the output files.  @xref{Setting Output Variables}, for
how to check the results of previous tests.
@end defvar

@defvar ECHO_C
@defvarx ECHO_N
@defvarx ECHO_T
@ovindex ECHO_C
@ovindex ECHO_N
@ovindex ECHO_T
How does one suppress the trailing newline from @code{echo} for
question-answer message pairs?  These variables provide a way:

@example
echo $ECHO_N "And the winner is... $ECHO_C"
sleep 100000000000
echo "$@{ECHO_T@}dead."
@end example

@noindent
Some old and uncommon @code{echo} implementations offer no means to
achieve this, in which case @code{ECHO_T} is set to tab.  You might not
want to use it.
@end defvar

@defvar FFLAGS
@ovindex FFLAGS
Debugging and optimization options for the Fortran 77 compiler.  If it
is not set in the environment when @command{configure} runs, the default
value is set when you call @code{AC_PROG_F77} (or empty if you don't).
@command{configure} uses this variable when compiling programs to test for
Fortran 77 features.
@end defvar

@defvar LDFLAGS
@ovindex LDFLAGS
Stripping (@option{-s}), path (@option{-L}), and any other miscellaneous
options for the linker.  Don't use this variable to pass library names
(@option{-l}) to the linker, use @code{LIBS} instead.  If it is not set
in the environment when @command{configure} runs, the default value is empty.
@command{configure} uses this variable when linking programs to test for
C, C++ and Fortran 77 features.
@end defvar

@defvar LIBS
@ovindex LIBS
@option{-l} options to pass to the linker.  The default value is empty,
but some Autoconf macros may prepend extra libraries to this variable if
those libraries are found and provide necessary functions, see
@ref{Libraries}.  @command{configure} uses this variable when linking
programs to test for C, C++ and Fortran 77 features.
@end defvar

@defvar builddir
@ovindex builddir
Rigorously equal to @samp{.}.  Added for symmetry only.
@end defvar

@defvar abs_builddir
@ovindex abs_builddir
Absolute path of @code{builddir}.
@end defvar

@defvar top_builddir
@ovindex top_builddir
The relative path to the top-level of the current build tree.  In the
top-level directory, this is the same as @code{builddir}.
@end defvar

@defvar abs_top_builddir
@ovindex abs_top_builddir
Absolute path of @code{top_builddir}.
@end defvar

@defvar srcdir
@ovindex srcdir
The relative path to the directory that contains the source code for
that @file{Makefile}.
@end defvar

@defvar abs_srcdir
@ovindex abs_srcdir
Absolute path of @code{srcdir}.
@end defvar

@defvar top_srcdir
@ovindex top_srcdir
The relative path to the top-level source code directory for the
package.  In the top-level directory, this is the same as @code{srcdir}.
@end defvar

@defvar abs_top_srcdir
@ovindex abs_top_srcdir
Absolute path of @code{top_srcdir}.
@end defvar

@node Installation Directory Variables
@subsection Installation Directory Variables

The following variables specify the directories where the package will
be installed, see @ref{Directory Variables,, Variables for
Installation Directories, standards, The @acronym{GNU} Coding
Standards}, for more information.  See the end of this section for
details on when and how to use these variables.

@defvar bindir
@ovindex bindir
The directory for installing executables that users run.
@end defvar

@defvar datadir
@ovindex datadir
The directory for installing read-only architecture-independent data.
@end defvar

@defvar exec_prefix
@ovindex exec_prefix
The installation prefix for architecture-dependent files.  By default
it's the same as @var{prefix}.  You should avoid installing anything
directly to @var{exec_prefix}.  However, the default value for
directories containing architecture-dependent files should be relative
to @var{exec_prefix}.
@end defvar

@defvar includedir
@ovindex includedir
The directory for installing C header files.
@end defvar

@defvar infodir
@ovindex infodir
The directory for installing documentation in Info format.
@end defvar

@defvar libdir
@ovindex libdir
The directory for installing object code libraries.
@end defvar

@defvar libexecdir
@ovindex libexecdir
The directory for installing executables that other programs run.
@end defvar

@defvar localstatedir
@ovindex localstatedir
The directory for installing modifiable single-machine data.
@end defvar

@defvar mandir
@ovindex mandir
The top-level directory for installing documentation in man format.
@end defvar

@defvar oldincludedir
@ovindex oldincludedir
The directory for installing C header files for non-GCC compilers.
@end defvar

@defvar prefix
@ovindex prefix
The common installation prefix for all files.  If @var{exec_prefix}
is defined to a different value, @var{prefix} is used only for
architecture-independent files.
@end defvar

@defvar sbindir
@ovindex sbindir
The directory for installing executables that system
administrators run.
@end defvar

@defvar sharedstatedir
@ovindex sharedstatedir
The directory for installing modifiable architecture-independent data.
@end defvar

@defvar sysconfdir
@ovindex sysconfdir
The directory for installing read-only single-machine data.
@end defvar


Most of these variables have values that rely on @code{prefix} or
@code{exec_prefix}.  It is deliberate that the directory output
variables keep them unexpanded: typically @samp{@@datadir@@} will be
replaced by @samp{$@{prefix@}/share}, not @samp{/usr/local/share}.

This behavior is mandated by the @acronym{GNU} coding standards, so that when
the user runs:

@table @samp
@item make
she can still specify a different prefix from the one specified to
@command{configure}, in which case, if needed, the package shall hard
code dependencies corresponding to the make-specified prefix.

@item make install
she can specify a different installation location, in which case the
package @emph{must} still depend on the location which was compiled in
(i.e., never recompile when @samp{make install} is run).  This is an
extremely important feature, as many people may decide to install all
the files of a package grouped together, and then install links from
the final locations to there.
@end table

In order to support these features, it is essential that @code{datadir}
remains being defined as @samp{$@{prefix@}/share} to depend upon the
current value of @code{prefix}.

A corollary is that you should not use these variables except in
Makefiles.  For instance, instead of trying to evaluate @code{datadir}
in @file{configure} and hard-coding it in Makefiles using
e.g., @samp{AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DATADIR, "$datadir")}, you should add
@samp{-DDATADIR="$(datadir)"} to your @code{CPPFLAGS}.

Similarly you should not rely on @code{AC_OUTPUT_FILES} to replace
@code{datadir} and friends in your shell scripts and other files, rather
let @command{make} manage their replacement.  For instance Autoconf
ships templates of its shell scripts ending with @samp{.in}, and uses a
Makefile snippet similar to:

@example
@group
edit = sed \
        -e 's,@@datadir\@@,$(pkgdatadir),g' \
        -e 's,@@prefix\@@,$(prefix),g'
@end group

@group
autoconf: Makefile $(srcdir)/autoconf.in
        rm -f autoconf autoconf.tmp
        $(edit) $(srcdir)/autoconf.in >autoconf.tmp
        chmod +x autoconf.tmp
        mv autoconf.tmp autoconf
@end group

@group
autoheader: Makefile $(srcdir)/autoheader.in
        rm -f autoheader autoheader.tmp
        $(edit) $(srcdir)/autoconf.in >autoheader.tmp
        chmod +x autoheader.tmp
        mv autoheader.tmp autoheader
@end group
@end example

Some details are noteworthy:

@table @samp
@item @@datadir\@@
The backslash prevents @command{configure} from replacing
@samp{@@datadir@@} in the sed expression itself.

@item $(pkgdatadir)
Don't use @samp{@@pkgdatadir@@}!  Use the matching makefile variable
instead.

@item ,
Don't use @samp{/} in the sed expression(s) since most likely the
variables you use, such as @samp{$(pkgdatadir)}, will contain
some.

@item Dependency on @file{Makefile}
Since @code{edit} uses values that depend on the configuration specific
values (@code{prefix} etc.) and not only on @code{VERSION} and so forth,
the output depends on @file{Makefile}, not @file{configure.ac}.

@item Separated dependencies and Single Suffix Rules
You can't use them!  The above snippet cannot be (portably) rewritten
as:

@example
autoconf autoheader: Makefile
@group
.in:
        rm -f $@@ $@@.tmp
        $(edit) $< >$@@.tmp
        chmod +x $@@.tmp
        mv $@@.tmp $@@
@end group
@end example

@xref{Limitations of Make}, for details.

@item @samp{$(srcdir)}
Be sure to specify the path to the sources, otherwise the package won't
support separated builds.
@end table


@node Build Directories
@subsection Build Directories

You can support compiling a software package for several architectures
simultaneously from the same copy of the source code.  The object files
for each architecture are kept in their own directory.

To support doing this, @command{make} uses the @code{VPATH} variable to
find the files that are in the source directory.  @acronym{GNU} Make
and most other recent @command{make} programs can do this.  Older
@command{make} programs do not support @code{VPATH}; when using them, the
source code must be in the same directory as the object files.

To support @code{VPATH}, each @file{Makefile.in} should contain two
lines that look like:

@example
srcdir = @@srcdir@@
VPATH = @@srcdir@@
@end example

Do not set @code{VPATH} to the value of another variable, for example
@samp{VPATH = $(srcdir)}, because some versions of @command{make} do not do
variable substitutions on the value of @code{VPATH}.

@command{configure} substitutes the correct value for @code{srcdir} when
it produces @file{Makefile}.

Do not use the @code{make} variable @code{$<}, which expands to the
file name of the file in the source directory (found with @code{VPATH}),
except in implicit rules.  (An implicit rule is one such as @samp{.c.o},
which tells how to create a @file{.o} file from a @file{.c} file.)  Some
versions of @command{make} do not set @code{$<} in explicit rules; they
expand it to an empty value.

Instead, @file{Makefile} command lines should always refer to source
files by prefixing them with @samp{$(srcdir)/}.  For example:

@example
time.info: time.texinfo
        $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/time.texinfo
@end example

@node Automatic Remaking
@subsection Automatic Remaking

You can put rules like the following in the top-level @file{Makefile.in}
for a package to automatically update the configuration information when
you change the configuration files.  This example includes all of the
optional files, such as @file{aclocal.m4} and those related to
configuration header files.  Omit from the @file{Makefile.in} rules for
any of these files that your package does not use.

The @samp{$(srcdir)/} prefix is included because of limitations in the
@code{VPATH} mechanism.

The @file{stamp-} files are necessary because the timestamps of
@file{config.h.in} and @file{config.h} will not be changed if remaking
them does not change their contents.  This feature avoids unnecessary
recompilation.  You should include the file @file{stamp-h.in} your
package's distribution, so @command{make} will consider
@file{config.h.in} up to date.  Don't use @command{touch}
(@pxref{Limitations of Usual Tools}), rather use @command{echo} (using
@command{date} would cause needless differences, hence @acronym{CVS}
conflicts etc.).

@example
@group
$(srcdir)/configure: configure.ac aclocal.m4
        cd $(srcdir) && autoconf

# autoheader might not change config.h.in, so touch a stamp file.
$(srcdir)/config.h.in: stamp-h.in
$(srcdir)/stamp-h.in: configure.ac aclocal.m4
        cd $(srcdir) && autoheader
        echo timestamp > $(srcdir)/stamp-h.in

config.h: stamp-h
stamp-h: config.h.in config.status
        ./config.status

Makefile: Makefile.in config.status
        ./config.status

config.status: configure
        ./config.status --recheck
@end group
@end example

@noindent
(Be careful if you copy these lines directly into your Makefile, as you
will need to convert the indented lines to start with the tab character.)

In addition, you should use @samp{AC_CONFIG_FILES([stamp-h], [echo
timestamp > stamp-h])} so @file{config.status} will ensure that
@file{config.h} is considered up to date.  @xref{Output}, for more
information about @code{AC_OUTPUT}.

@xref{config.status Invocation}, for more examples of handling
configuration-related dependencies.

@node Configuration Headers
@section Configuration Header Files
@cindex Configuration Header
@cindex @file{config.h}

When a package contains more than a few tests that define C preprocessor
symbols, the command lines to pass @option{-D} options to the compiler
can get quite long.  This causes two problems.  One is that the
@command{make} output is hard to visually scan for errors.  More
seriously, the command lines can exceed the length limits of some
operating systems.  As an alternative to passing @option{-D} options to
the compiler, @command{configure} scripts can create a C header file
containing @samp{#define} directives.  The @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}
macro selects this kind of output.  It should be called right after
@code{AC_INIT}.

The package should @samp{#include} the configuration header file before
any other header files, to prevent inconsistencies in declarations (for
example, if it redefines @code{const}).  Use @samp{#include <config.h>}
instead of @samp{#include "config.h"}, and pass the C compiler a
@option{-I.} option (or @option{-I..}; whichever directory contains
@file{config.h}).  That way, even if the source directory is configured
itself (perhaps to make a distribution), other build directories can
also be configured without finding the @file{config.h} from the source
directory.

@defmac AC_CONFIG_HEADERS (@var{header} @dots{}, @ovar{cmds}, @ovar{init-cmds})
@acindex CONFIG_HEADERS
@cvindex HAVE_CONFIG_H
This macro is one of the instantiating macros; see @ref{Configuration
Actions}.  Make @code{AC_OUTPUT} create the file(s) in the
whitespace-separated list @var{header} containing C preprocessor
@code{#define} statements, and replace @samp{@@DEFS@@} in generated
files with @option{-DHAVE_CONFIG_H} instead of the value of @code{DEFS}.
The usual name for @var{header} is @file{config.h}.

If @var{header} already exists and its contents are identical to what
@code{AC_OUTPUT} would put in it, it is left alone.  Doing this allows
making some changes in the configuration without needlessly causing
object files that depend on the header file to be recompiled.

Usually the input file is named @file{@var{header}.in}; however, you can
override the input file name by appending to @var{header} a
colon-separated list of input files.  Examples:

@example
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h:config.hin])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([defines.h:defs.pre:defines.h.in:defs.post])
@end example

@noindent
Doing this allows you to keep your file names acceptable to MS-DOS, or
to prepend and/or append boilerplate to the file.
@end defmac

@xref{Configuration Actions}, for more details on @var{header}.

@menu
* Header Templates::            Input for the configuration headers
* autoheader Invocation::       How to create configuration templates
* Autoheader Macros::           How to specify CPP templates
@end menu

@node Header Templates
@subsection Configuration Header Templates
@cindex Configuration Header Template
@cindex @file{config.h.in}

Your distribution should contain a template file that looks as you want
the final header file to look, including comments, with @code{#undef}
statements which are used as hooks.  For example, suppose your
@file{configure.ac} makes these calls:

@example
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([conf.h])
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([unistd.h])
@end example

@noindent
Then you could have code like the following in @file{conf.h.in}.  On
systems that have @file{unistd.h}, @command{configure} will @samp{#define}
@samp{HAVE_UNISTD_H} to 1.  On other systems, the whole line will be
commented out (in case the system predefines that symbol).

@example
@group
/* Define as 1 if you have unistd.h.  */
#undef HAVE_UNISTD_H
@end group
@end example

Pay attention that @samp{#undef} is in the first column, and there is
nothing behind @samp{HAVE_UNISTD_H}, not even white spaces.  You can
then decode the configuration header using the preprocessor directives:

@example
@group
#include <conf.h>

#if HAVE_UNISTD_H
# include <unistd.h>
#else
/* We are in trouble.  */
#endif
@end group
@end example

The use of old form templates, with @samp{#define} instead of
@samp{#undef} is strongly discouraged.  Similarly with old templates
with comments on the same line as the @samp{#undef}.  Anyway, putting
comments in preprocessor macros has never been a good idea.

Since it is a tedious task to keep a template header up to date, you may
use @command{autoheader} to generate it, see @ref{autoheader Invocation}.


@node autoheader Invocation
@subsection Using @command{autoheader} to Create @file{config.h.in}
@cindex @command{autoheader}

The @command{autoheader} program can create a template file of C
@samp{#define} statements for @command{configure} to use.  If
@file{configure.ac} invokes @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS(@var{file})},
@command{autoheader} creates @file{@var{file}.in}; if multiple file
arguments are given, the first one is used.  Otherwise,
@command{autoheader} creates @file{config.h.in}.

In order to do its job, @command{autoheader} needs you to document all
of the symbols that you might use; i.e., there must be at least one
@code{AC_DEFINE} or one @code{AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED} call with a third
argument for each symbol (@pxref{Defining Symbols}).  An additional
constraint is that the first argument of @code{AC_DEFINE} must be a
literal.  Note that all symbols defined by Autoconf's builtin tests are
already documented properly; you only need to document those that you
define yourself.

You might wonder why @command{autoheader} is needed: after all, why
would @command{configure} need to ``patch'' a @file{config.h.in} to
produce a @file{config.h} instead of just creating @file{config.h} from
scratch?  Well, when everything rocks, the answer is just that we are
wasting our time maintaining @command{autoheader}: generating
@file{config.h} directly is all that is needed.  When things go wrong,
however, you'll be thankful for the existence of @command{autoheader}.

The fact that the symbols are documented is important in order to
@emph{check} that @file{config.h} makes sense.  The fact that there is a
well-defined list of symbols that should be @code{#define}'d (or not) is
also important for people who are porting packages to environments where
@command{configure} cannot be run: they just have to @emph{fill in the
blanks}.

But let's come back to the point: @command{autoheader}'s invocation@dots{}

If you give @command{autoheader} an argument, it uses that file instead
of @file{configure.ac} and writes the header file to the standard output
instead of to @file{config.h.in}.  If you give @command{autoheader} an
argument of @option{-}, it reads the standard input instead of
@file{configure.ac} and writes the header file to the standard output.

@command{autoheader} accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

@item --verbose
@itemx -v
Report processing steps.

@item --debug
@itemx -d
Don't remove the temporary files.

@item --force
@itemx -f
Remake the template file even if newer than its input files.

@item --include=@var{dir}
@itemx -I @var{dir}
Append @var{dir} to include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

@item --prepend-include=@var{dir}
@item -B @var{dir}
Prepend @var{dir} to include path.  Multiple invocations accumulate.

@item --warnings=@var{category}
@itemx -W @var{category}
@evindex WARNINGS
Report the warnings related to @var{category} (which can actually be a
comma separated list).  Current categories include:

@table @samp
@item obsolete
report the uses of obsolete constructs

@item all
report all the warnings

@item none
report none

@item error
treats warnings as errors

@item no-@var{category}
disable warnings falling into @var{category}
@end table

@end table



@node Autoheader Macros
@subsection Autoheader Macros

@command{autoheader} scans @file{configure.ac} and figures out which C
preprocessor symbols it might define.  It knows how to generate
templates for symbols defined by @code{AC_CHECK_HEADERS},
@code{AC_CHECK_FUNCS} etc., but if you @code{AC_DEFINE} any additional
symbol, you must define a template for it.  If there are missing
templates, @command{autoheader} fails with an error message.

The simplest way to create a template for a @var{symbol} is to supply
the @var{description} argument to an @samp{AC_DEFINE(@var{symbol})}; see
@ref{Defining Symbols}.  You may also use one of the following macros.

@defmac AH_VERBATIM (@var{key}, @var{template})
@acindex AH_VERBATIM
@acindex VERBATIM
Tell @command{autoheader} to include the @var{template} as-is in the header
template file.  This @var{template} is associated with the @var{key},
which is used to sort all the different templates and guarantee their
uniqueness.  It should be a symbol that can be @code{AC_DEFINE}'d.

For example:

@example
AH_VERBATIM([_GNU_SOURCE],
[/* Enable GNU extensions on systems that have them.  */
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
# define _GNU_SOURCE
#endif])
@end example
@end defmac


@defmac AH_TEMPLATE (@var{key}, @var{description})
@acindex AH_TEMPLATE
@acindex TEMPLATE
Tell @command{autoheader} to generate a template for @var{key}.  This macro
generates standard templates just like @code{AC_DEFINE} when a
@var{description} is given.

For example:

@example
AH_TEMPLATE([CRAY_STACKSEG_END],
            [Define to one of _getb67, GETB67, getb67
             for Cray-2 and Cray-YMP systems.  This
             function is required for alloca.c support
             on those systems.])
@end example

@noindent
will generate the following template, with the description properly
justified.

@example
/* Define to one of _getb67, GETB67, getb67 for Cray-2 and
   Cray-YMP systems.  This function is required for alloca.c
   support on those systems.  */
#undef CRAY_STACKSEG_END
@end example
@end defmac


@defmac AH_TOP (@var{text})
@acindex AH_TOP
@acindex TOP
Include @var{text} at the top of the header template file.
@end defmac


@defmac AH_BOTTOM (@var{text})
@acindex AH_BOTTOM
@acindex BOTTOM
Include @var{text} at the bottom of the header template file.
@end defmac


@node Configuration Commands
@section Running Arbitrary Configuration Commands

You can execute arbitrary commands before, during, and after
@file{config.status} is run.  The three following macros accumulate the
commands to run when they are called multiple times.
@code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS} replaces the obsolete macro
@code{AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS}; see @ref{Obsolete Macros}, for details.

@defmac AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS (@var{tag}@dots{}, @ovar{cmds}, @ovar{init-cmds})
@acindex CONFIG_COMMANDS
Specify additional shell commands to run at the end of
@file{config.status}, and shell commands to initialize any variables
from @command{configure}.  Associate the commands with @var{tag}.  Since
typically the @var{cmds} create a file, @var{tag} should naturally be
the name of that file.  This macro is one of the instantiating macros;
see @ref{Configuration Actions}.

Here is an unrealistic example:
@example
fubar=42
AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([fubar],
                   [echo this is extra $fubar, and so on.],
                   [fubar=$fubar])
@end example

Here is a better one:
@example
AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([time-stamp], [date >time-stamp])
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS_PRE (@var{cmds})
@acindex OUTPUT_COMMANDS_PRE
Execute the @var{cmds} right before creating @file{config.status}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS_POST (@var{cmds})
@acindex OUTPUT_COMMANDS_POST
Execute the @var{cmds} right after creating @file{config.status}.
@end defmac




@node Configuration Links
@section Creating Configuration Links

You may find it convenient to create links whose destinations depend upon
results of tests.  One can use @code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS} but the
creation of relative symbolic links can be delicate when the package is
built in a directory different from the source directory.

@defmac AC_CONFIG_LINKS (@var{dest}:@var{source}@dots{}, @ovar{cmds}, @ovar{init-cmds})
@acindex CONFIG_LINKS
@cindex Links
Make @code{AC_OUTPUT} link each of the existing files @var{source} to
the corresponding link name @var{dest}.  Makes a symbolic link if
possible, otherwise a hard link if possible, otherwise a copy.  The
@var{dest} and @var{source} names should be relative to the top level
source or build directory.  This macro is one of the instantiating
macros; see @ref{Configuration Actions}.

For example, this call:

@example
AC_CONFIG_LINKS(host.h:config/$machine.h
                object.h:config/$obj_format.h)
@end example

@noindent
creates in the current directory @file{host.h} as a link to
@file{@var{srcdir}/config/$machine.h}, and @file{object.h} as a
link to @file{@var{srcdir}/config/$obj_format.h}.

The tempting value @samp{.} for @var{dest} is invalid: it makes it
impossible for @samp{config.status} to guess the links to establish.

One can then run:
@example
./config.status host.h object.h
@end example
@noindent
to create the links.
@end defmac



@node Subdirectories
@section Configuring Other Packages in Subdirectories

In most situations, calling @code{AC_OUTPUT} is sufficient to produce
@file{Makefile}s in subdirectories.  However, @command{configure} scripts
that control more than one independent package can use
@code{AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS} to run @command{configure} scripts for other
packages in subdirectories.

@defmac AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS (@var{dir} @dots{})
@acindex CONFIG_SUBDIRS
@ovindex subdirs
Make @code{AC_OUTPUT} run @command{configure} in each subdirectory
@var{dir} in the given whitespace-separated list.  Each @var{dir} should
be a literal, i.e., please do not use:

@example
if test "$package_foo_enabled" = yes; then
  $my_subdirs="$my_subdirs foo"
fi
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS($my_subdirs)
@end example

@noindent
because this prevents @samp{./configure --help=recursive} from
displaying the options of the package @code{foo}.  Rather, you should
write:

@example
if test "$package_foo_enabled" = yes; then
  AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS(foo)
fi
@end example

If a given @var{dir} is not found, an error is reported: if the
subdirectory is optional, write:

@example
if test -d $srcdir/foo; then
  AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS(foo)
fi
@end example

@c NB: Yes, below we mean configure.in, not configure.ac.
If a given @var{dir} contains @command{configure.gnu}, it is run instead
of @command{configure}.  This is for packages that might use a
non-Autoconf script @command{Configure}, which can't be called through a
wrapper @command{configure} since it would be the same file on
case-insensitive filesystems.  Likewise, if a @var{dir} contains
@file{configure.in} but no @command{configure}, the Cygnus
@command{configure} script found by @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} is used.

The subdirectory @command{configure} scripts are given the same command
line options that were given to this @command{configure} script, with minor
changes if needed, which include:

@itemize @minus
@item
adjusting a relative path for the cache file;

@item
adjusting a relative path for the source directory;

@item
propagating the current value of @code{$prefix}, including if it was
defaulted, and if the default values of the top level and of the subdirectory
@file{configure} differ.
@end itemize

This macro also sets the output variable @code{subdirs} to the list of
directories @samp{@var{dir} @dots{}}.  @file{Makefile} rules can use
this variable to determine which subdirectories to recurse into.

This macro may be called multiple times.
@end defmac

@node Default Prefix
@section Default Prefix

By default, @command{configure} sets the prefix for files it installs to
@file{/usr/local}.  The user of @command{configure} can select a different
prefix using the @option{--prefix} and @option{--exec-prefix} options.
There are two ways to change the default: when creating
@command{configure}, and when running it.

Some software packages might want to install in a directory other than
@file{/usr/local} by default.  To accomplish that, use the
@code{AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT} macro.

@defmac AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT (@var{prefix})
@acindex PREFIX_DEFAULT
Set the default installation prefix to @var{prefix} instead of
@file{/usr/local}.
@end defmac

It may be convenient for users to have @command{configure} guess the
installation prefix from the location of a related program that they
have already installed.  If you wish to do that, you can call
@code{AC_PREFIX_PROGRAM}.

@defmac AC_PREFIX_PROGRAM (@var{program})
@acindex PREFIX_PROGRAM
If the user did not specify an installation prefix (using the
@option{--prefix} option), guess a value for it by looking for
@var{program} in @code{PATH}, the way the shell does.  If @var{program}
is found, set the prefix to the parent of the directory containing
@var{program}, else default the prefix as described above
(@file{/usr/local} or @code{AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT}).  For example, if
@var{program} is @code{gcc} and the @code{PATH} contains
@file{/usr/local/gnu/bin/gcc}, set the prefix to @file{/usr/local/gnu}.
@end defmac



@c ======================================================== Existing tests

@node Existing Tests
@chapter Existing Tests

These macros test for particular system features that packages might
need or want to use.  If you need to test for a kind of feature that
none of these macros check for, you can probably do it by calling
primitive test macros with appropriate arguments (@pxref{Writing
Tests}).

These tests print messages telling the user which feature they're
checking for, and what they find.  They cache their results for future
@command{configure} runs (@pxref{Caching Results}).

Some of these macros set output variables.  @xref{Makefile
Substitutions}, for how to get their values.  The phrase ``define
@var{name}'' is used below as a shorthand to mean ``define C
preprocessor symbol @var{name} to the value 1''.  @xref{Defining
Symbols}, for how to get those symbol definitions into your program.

@menu
* Common Behavior::             Macros' standard schemes
* Alternative Programs::        Selecting between alternative programs
* Files::                       Checking for the existence of files
* Libraries::                   Library archives that might be missing
* Library Functions::           C library functions that might be missing
* Header Files::                Header files that might be missing
* Declarations::                Declarations that may be missing
* Structures::                  Structures or members that might be missing
* Types::                       Types that might be missing
* Compilers and Preprocessors::  Checking for compiling programs
* System Services::             Operating system services
* UNIX Variants::               Special kludges for specific UNIX variants
@end menu

@node Common Behavior
@section Common Behavior

Much effort has been expended to make Autoconf easy to learn.  The most
obvious way to reach this goal is simply to enforce standard interfaces
and behaviors, avoiding exceptions as much as possible.  Because of
history and inertia, unfortunately, there are still too many exceptions
in Autoconf; nevertheless, this section describes some of the common
rules.

@menu
* Standard Symbols::            Symbols defined by the macros
* Default Includes::            Includes used by the generic macros
@end menu

@node Standard Symbols
@subsection Standard Symbols

All the generic macros that @code{AC_DEFINE} a symbol as a result of
their test transform their @var{argument}s to a standard alphabet.
First, @var{argument} is converted to upper case and any asterisks
(@samp{*}) are each converted to @samp{P}.  Any remaining characters
that are not alphanumeric are converted to underscores.

For instance,

@example
AC_CHECK_TYPES(struct $Expensive*)
@end example

@noindent
will define the symbol @samp{HAVE_STRUCT__EXPENSIVEP} if the check
succeeds.


@node Default Includes
@subsection Default Includes
@cindex Includes, default

Several tests depend upon a set of header files.  Since these headers
are not universally available, tests actually have to provide a set of
protected includes, such as:

@example
@group
#if TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
# include <sys/time.h>
# include <time.h>
#else
# if HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
#  include <sys/time.h>
# else
#  include <time.h>
# endif
#endif
@end group
@end example

@noindent
Unless you know exactly what you are doing, you should avoid using
unconditional includes, and check the existence of the headers you
include beforehand (@pxref{Header Files}).

Most generic macros provide the following default set of includes:

@example
@group
#include <stdio.h>
#if HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
# include <sys/types.h>
#endif
#if HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
# include <sys/stat.h>
#endif
#if STDC_HEADERS
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <stddef.h>
#else
# if HAVE_STDLIB_H
#  include <stdlib.h>
# endif
#endif
#if HAVE_STRING_H
# if !STDC_HEADERS && HAVE_MEMORY_H
#  include <memory.h>
# endif
# include <string.h>
#endif
#if HAVE_STRINGS_H
# include <strings.h>
#endif
#if HAVE_INTTYPES_H
# include <inttypes.h>
#else
# if HAVE_STDINT_H
#  include <stdint.h>
# endif
#endif
#if HAVE_UNISTD_H
# include <unistd.h>
#endif
@end group
@end example

If the default includes are used, then Autoconf will automatically check
for the presence of these headers and their compatibility, i.e., you
don't need to run @code{AC_HEADERS_STDC}, nor check for @file{stdlib.h}
etc.

These headers are checked for in the same order as they are included.
For instance, on some systems @file{string.h} and @file{strings.h} both
exist, but conflict.  Then @code{HAVE_STRING_H} will be defined, but
@code{HAVE_STRINGS_H} won't.

@node Alternative Programs
@section Alternative Programs
@cindex Programs, checking

These macros check for the presence or behavior of particular programs.
They are used to choose between several alternative programs and to
decide what to do once one has been chosen.  If there is no macro
specifically defined to check for a program you need, and you don't need
to check for any special properties of it, then you can use one of the
general program-check macros.

@menu
* Particular Programs::         Special handling to find certain programs
* Generic Programs::            How to find other programs
@end menu

@node Particular Programs
@subsection Particular Program Checks

These macros check for particular programs---whether they exist, and
in some cases whether they support certain features.

@defmac AC_PROG_AWK
@acindex PROG_AWK
@ovindex AWK
Check for @code{gawk}, @code{mawk}, @code{nawk}, and @code{awk}, in that
order, and set output variable @code{AWK} to the first one that is found.
It tries @code{gawk} first because that is reported to be the
best implementation.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_EGREP
@acindex PROG_EGREP
@ovindex EGREP
Check for @code{grep -E} and @code{egrep}, in that order, and set
output variable @code{EGREP} to the first one that is found.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_FGREP
@acindex PROG_FGREP
@ovindex FGREP
Check for @code{grep -F} and @code{fgrep}, in that order, and set
output variable @code{FGREP} to the first one that is found.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_INSTALL
@acindex PROG_INSTALL
@ovindex INSTALL
@ovindex INSTALL_PROGRAM
@ovindex INSTALL_DATA
@ovindex INSTALL_SCRIPT
Set output variable @code{INSTALL} to the path of a @acronym{BSD}-compatible
@code{install} program, if one is found in the current @code{PATH}.
Otherwise, set @code{INSTALL} to @samp{@var{dir}/install-sh -c},
checking the directories specified to @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} (or its
default directories) to determine @var{dir} (@pxref{Output}).  Also set
the variables @code{INSTALL_PROGRAM} and @code{INSTALL_SCRIPT} to
@samp{$@{INSTALL@}} and @code{INSTALL_DATA} to @samp{$@{INSTALL@} -m 644}.

This macro screens out various instances of @code{install} known not to
work.  It prefers to find a C program rather than a shell script, for
speed.  Instead of @file{install-sh}, it can also use @file{install.sh},
but that name is obsolete because some @command{make} programs have a rule
that creates @file{install} from it if there is no @file{Makefile}.

Autoconf comes with a copy of @file{install-sh} that you can use.  If
you use @code{AC_PROG_INSTALL}, you must include either
@file{install-sh} or @file{install.sh} in your distribution, or
@command{configure} will produce an error message saying it can't find
them---even if the system you're on has a good @code{install} program.
This check is a safety measure to prevent you from accidentally leaving
that file out, which would prevent your package from installing on
systems that don't have a @acronym{BSD}-compatible @code{install} program.

If you need to use your own installation program because it has features
not found in standard @code{install} programs, there is no reason to use
@code{AC_PROG_INSTALL}; just put the file name of your program into your
@file{Makefile.in} files.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_LEX
@acindex PROG_LEX
@ovindex LEX
@ovindex LEXLIB
@cvindex YYTEXT_POINTER
@ovindex LEX_OUTPUT_ROOT
If @code{flex} is found, set output variable @code{LEX} to @samp{flex}
and @code{LEXLIB} to @option{-lfl}, if that library is in a standard
place.  Otherwise set @code{LEX} to @samp{lex} and @code{LEXLIB} to
@option{-ll}.

Define @code{YYTEXT_POINTER} if @code{yytext} is a @samp{char *} instead
of a @samp{char []}.  Also set output variable @code{LEX_OUTPUT_ROOT} to
the base of the file name that the lexer generates; usually
@file{lex.yy}, but sometimes something else.  These results vary
according to whether @code{lex} or @code{flex} is being used.

You are encouraged to use Flex in your sources, since it is both more
pleasant to use than plain Lex and the C source it produces is portable.
In order to ensure portability, however, you must either provide a
function @code{yywrap} or, if you don't use it (e.g., your scanner has
no @samp{#include}-like feature), simply include a @samp{%noyywrap}
statement in the scanner's source.  Once this done, the scanner is
portable (unless @emph{you} felt free to use nonportable constructs) and
does not depend on any library.  In this case, and in this case only, it
is suggested that you use this Autoconf snippet:

@example
AC_PROG_LEX
if test "$LEX" != flex; then
  LEX="$SHELL $missing_dir/missing flex"
  AC_SUBST(LEX_OUTPUT_ROOT, lex.yy)
  AC_SUBST(LEXLIB, '')
fi
@end example

The shell script @command{missing} can be found in the Automake
distribution.

To ensure backward compatibility, Automake's @code{AM_PROG_LEX} invokes
(indirectly) this macro twice, which will cause an annoying but benign
``@code{AC_PROG_LEX} invoked multiple times'' warning.  Future versions
of Automake will fix this issue; meanwhile, just ignore this message.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_LN_S
@acindex PROG_LN_S
@ovindex LN_S
If @samp{ln -s} works on the current file system (the operating system
and file system support symbolic links), set the output variable
@code{LN_S} to @samp{ln -s}; otherwise, if @samp{ln} works, set
@code{LN_S} to @samp{ln}, and otherwise set it to @samp{cp -p}.

If you make a link in a directory other than the current directory, its
meaning depends on whether @samp{ln} or @samp{ln -s} is used.  To safely
create links using @samp{$(LN_S)}, either find out which form is used
and adjust the arguments, or always invoke @code{ln} in the directory
where the link is to be created.

In other words, it does not work to do:
@example
$(LN_S) foo /x/bar
@end example

Instead, do:

@example
(cd /x && $(LN_S) foo bar)
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_RANLIB
@acindex PROG_RANLIB
@ovindex RANLIB
Set output variable @code{RANLIB} to @samp{ranlib} if @code{ranlib}
is found, and otherwise to @samp{:} (do nothing).
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_YACC
@acindex PROG_YACC
@ovindex YACC
If @code{bison} is found, set output variable @code{YACC} to @samp{bison
-y}.  Otherwise, if @code{byacc} is found, set @code{YACC} to
@samp{byacc}.  Otherwise set @code{YACC} to @samp{yacc}.
@end defmac

@node Generic Programs
@subsection Generic Program and File Checks

These macros are used to find programs not covered by the ``particular''
test macros.  If you need to check the behavior of a program as well as
find out whether it is present, you have to write your own test for it
(@pxref{Writing Tests}).  By default, these macros use the environment
variable @code{PATH}.  If you need to check for a program that might not
be in the user's @code{PATH}, you can pass a modified path to use
instead, like this:

@example
AC_PATH_PROG([INETD], [inetd], [/usr/libexec/inetd],
             [$PATH:/usr/libexec:/usr/sbin:/usr/etc:etc])
@end example

You are strongly encouraged to declare the @var{variable} passed to
@code{AC_CHECK_PROG} etc.@: as precious, @xref{Setting Output Variables},
@code{AC_ARG_VAR}, for more details.

@defmac AC_CHECK_PROG (@var{variable}, @var{prog-to-check-for}, @var{value-if-found}, @ovar{value-if-not-found}, @ovar{path},  @ovar{reject})
@acindex CHECK_PROG
Check whether program @var{prog-to-check-for} exists in @code{PATH}.  If
it is found, set @var{variable} to @var{value-if-found}, otherwise to
@var{value-if-not-found}, if given.  Always pass over @var{reject} (an
absolute file name) even if it is the first found in the search path; in
that case, set @var{variable} using the absolute file name of the
@var{prog-to-check-for} found that is not @var{reject}.  If
@var{variable} was already set, do nothing.  Calls @code{AC_SUBST} for
@var{variable}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_PROGS (@var{variable}, @var{progs-to-check-for}, @ovar{value-if-not-found}, @ovar{path})
@acindex CHECK_PROGS
Check for each program in the whitespace-separated list
@var{progs-to-check-for} existing in the @code{PATH}.  If one is found, set
@var{variable} to the name of that program.  Otherwise, continue
checking the next program in the list.  If none of the programs in the
list are found, set @var{variable} to @var{value-if-not-found}; if
@var{value-if-not-found} is not specified, the value of @var{variable}
is not changed.  Calls @code{AC_SUBST} for @var{variable}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_TOOL (@var{variable}, @var{prog-to-check-for}, @ovar{value-if-not-found}, @ovar{path})
@acindex CHECK_TOOL
Like @code{AC_CHECK_PROG}, but first looks for @var{prog-to-check-for}
with a prefix of the host type as determined by
@code{AC_CANONICAL_HOST}, followed by a dash (@pxref{Canonicalizing}).
For example, if the user runs @samp{configure --host=i386-gnu}, then
this call:
@example
AC_CHECK_TOOL(RANLIB, ranlib, :)
@end example
@noindent
sets @code{RANLIB} to @file{i386-gnu-ranlib} if that program exists in
@code{PATH}, or otherwise to @samp{ranlib} if that program exists in
@code{PATH}, or to @samp{:} if neither program exists.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_TOOLS (@var{variable}, @var{progs-to-check-for}, @ovar{value-if-not-found}, @ovar{path})
@acindex CHECK_TOOLS
Like @code{AC_CHECK_TOOL}, each of the tools in the list
@var{progs-to-check-for} are checked with a prefix of the host type as
determined by @code{AC_CANONICAL_HOST}, followed by a dash
(@pxref{Canonicalizing}).  If none of the tools can be found with a
prefix, then the first one without a prefix is used.  If a tool is found,
set @var{variable} to the name of that program.  If none of the tools in
the list are found, set @var{variable} to @var{value-if-not-found}; if
@var{value-if-not-found} is not specified, the value of @var{variable}
is not changed.  Calls @code{AC_SUBST} for @var{variable}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PATH_PROG (@var{variable}, @var{prog-to-check-for}, @ovar{value-if-not-found}, @ovar{path})
@acindex PATH_PROG
Like @code{AC_CHECK_PROG}, but set @var{variable} to the entire
path of @var{prog-to-check-for} if found.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PATH_PROGS (@var{variable}, @var{progs-to-check-for}, @ovar{value-if-not-found}, @ovar{path})
@acindex PATH_PROGS
Like @code{AC_CHECK_PROGS}, but if any of @var{progs-to-check-for}
are found, set @var{variable} to the entire path of the program
found.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PATH_TOOL (@var{variable}, @var{prog-to-check-for}, @ovar{value-if-not-found}, @ovar{path})
@acindex PATH_TOOL
Like @code{AC_CHECK_TOOL}, but set @var{variable} to the entire
path of the program if it is found.
@end defmac


@node Files
@section Files
@cindex File, checking

You might also need to check for the existence of files.  Before using
these macros, ask yourself whether a run-time test might not be a better
solution.  Be aware that, like most Autoconf macros, they test a feature
of the host machine, and therefore, they die when cross-compiling.

@defmac AC_CHECK_FILE (@var{file}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex CHECK_FILE
Check whether file @var{file} exists on the native system.  If it is
found, execute @var{action-if-found}, otherwise do
@var{action-if-not-found}, if given.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_FILES (@var{files}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex CHECK_FILES
Executes @code{AC_CHECK_FILE} once for each file listed in @var{files}.
Additionally, defines @samp{HAVE_@var{file}} (@pxref{Standard Symbols})
for each file found.
@end defmac


@node Libraries
@section Library Files
@cindex Library, checking

The following macros check for the presence of certain C, C++, or Fortran
77 library archive files.

@defmac AC_CHECK_LIB (@var{library}, @var{function}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @ovar{other-libraries})
@acindex CHECK_LIB
Depending on the current language(@pxref{Language Choice}), try to
ensure that the C, C++, or Fortran 77 function @var{function} is
available by checking whether a test program can be linked with the
library @var{library} to get the function.  @var{library} is the base
name of the library; e.g., to check for @option{-lmp}, use @samp{mp} as
the @var{library} argument.

@var{action-if-found} is a list of shell commands to run if the link
with the library succeeds; @var{action-if-not-found} is a list of shell
commands to run if the link fails.  If @var{action-if-found} is not
specified, the default action will prepend @option{-l@var{library}} to
@code{LIBS} and define @samp{HAVE_LIB@var{library}} (in all
capitals).  This macro is intended to support building @code{LIBS} in
a right-to-left (least-dependent to most-dependent) fashion such that
library dependencies are satisfied as a natural side-effect of
consecutive tests.  Some linkers are very sensitive to library ordering
so the order in which @code{LIBS} is generated is important to reliable
detection of libraries.

If linking with @var{library} results in unresolved symbols that would
be resolved by linking with additional libraries, give those libraries
as the @var{other-libraries} argument, separated by spaces:
e.g., @option{-lXt -lX11}.  Otherwise, this macro will fail to detect
that @var{library} is present, because linking the test program will
always fail with unresolved symbols.  The @var{other-libraries} argument
should be limited to cases where it is desirable to test for one library
in the presence of another that is not already in @code{LIBS}.
@end defmac


@defmac AC_SEARCH_LIBS (@var{function}, @var{search-libs}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @ovar{other-libraries})
@acindex SEARCH_LIBS
Search for a library defining @var{function} if it's not already
available.  This equates to calling
@samp{AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_CALL([], [@var{function}])])} first with
no libraries, then for each library listed in @var{search-libs}.

Add @option{-l@var{library}} to @code{LIBS} for the first library found
to contain @var{function}, and run @var{action-if-found}.  If the
function is not found, run @var{action-if-not-found}.

If linking with @var{library} results in unresolved symbols that would
be resolved by linking with additional libraries, give those libraries
as the @var{other-libraries} argument, separated by spaces:
e.g., @option{-lXt -lX11}.  Otherwise, this macro will fail to detect
that @var{function} is present, because linking the test program will
always fail with unresolved symbols.
@end defmac



@node Library Functions
@section Library Functions

The following macros check for particular C library functions.
If there is no macro specifically defined to check for a function you need,
and you don't need to check for any special properties of
it, then you can use one of the general function-check macros.

@menu
* Function Portability::        Pitfalls with usual functions
* Particular Functions::        Special handling to find certain functions
* Generic Functions::           How to find other functions
@end menu

@node Function Portability
@subsection Portability of C Functions

Most usual functions can either be missing, or be buggy, or be limited
on some architectures.  This section tries to make an inventory of these
portability issues.  By definition, this list will always require
additions.  Please help us keeping it as complete as possible.

@table @asis
@item @code{exit}
@c @fuindex exit
Did you know that, on some older hosts, @code{exit} returns @code{int}?
This is because @code{exit} predates @code{void}, and there was a long
tradition of it returning @code{int}.

@item @code{snprintf}
@c @fuindex snprintf
@prindex @code{snprintf}
@c @fuindex vsnprintf
@prindex @code{vsnprintf}
The ISO C99 standard says that if the output array isn't big enough
and if no other errors occur, @code{snprintf} and @code{vsnprintf}
truncate the output and return the number of bytes that ought to have
been produced.  Some older systems return the truncated length (e.g.,
@acronym{GNU} C Library 2.0.x or @sc{irix} 6.5), some a negative value
(e.g., earlier @acronym{GNU} C Library versions), and some the buffer
length without truncation (e.g., 32-bit Solaris 7).  Also, some buggy
older systems ignore the length and overrun the buffer (e.g., 64-bit
Solaris 7).

@item @code{sprintf}
@c @fuindex sprintf
@prindex @code{sprintf}
@c @fuindex vsprintf
@prindex @code{vsprintf}
The ISO C standard says @code{sprintf} and @code{vsprintf} return the
number of bytes written, but on some old systems (SunOS 4 for
instance) they return the buffer pointer instead.

@item @code{sscanf}
@c @fuindex sscanf
@prindex @code{sscanf}
On various old systems, e.g., HP-UX 9, @code{sscanf} requires that its
input string be writable (though it doesn't actually change it).  This
can be a problem when using @command{gcc} since it normally puts
constant strings in read-only memory
(@pxref{Incompatibilities,Incompatibilities of GCC,,gcc,Using and
Porting the @acronym{GNU} Compiler Collection}).  Apparently in some cases even
having format strings read-only can be a problem.

@item @code{strnlen}
@c @fuindex strnlen
@prindex @code{strnlen}
@acronym{AIX} 4.3 provides a broken version which produces the
following results:

@example
strnlen ("foobar", 0) = 0
strnlen ("foobar", 1) = 3
strnlen ("foobar", 2) = 2
strnlen ("foobar", 3) = 1
strnlen ("foobar", 4) = 0
strnlen ("foobar", 5) = 6
strnlen ("foobar", 6) = 6
strnlen ("foobar", 7) = 6
strnlen ("foobar", 8) = 6
strnlen ("foobar", 9) = 6
@end example

@item @code{unlink}
@c @fuindex unlink
@prindex @code{unlink}
The @acronym{POSIX} spec says that @code{unlink} causes the given file to be
removed only after there are no more open file handles for it.  Not all
OS's support this behavior though.  So even on systems that provide
@code{unlink}, you cannot portably assume it is OK to call it on files
that are open.  For example, on Windows 9x and ME, such a call would fail;
on DOS it could even lead to file system corruption, as the file might end
up being written to after the OS has removed it.

@item @code{va_copy}
@c @fuindex va_copy
@prindex @code{va_copy}
The ISO C99 standard provides @code{va_copy} for copying
@code{va_list} variables.  It may be available in older environments
too, though possibly as @code{__va_copy} (e.g., @command{gcc} in strict
C89 mode).  These can be tested with @code{#ifdef}.  A fallback to
@code{memcpy (&dst, &src, sizeof(va_list))} will give maximum
portability.

@item @code{va_list}
@c @fuindex va_list
@prindex @code{va_list}
@code{va_list} is not necessarily just a pointer.  It can be a
@code{struct} (e.g., @command{gcc} on Alpha), which means @code{NULL} is
not portable.  Or it can be an array (e.g., @command{gcc} in some
PowerPC configurations), which means as a function parameter it can be
effectively call-by-reference and library routines might modify the
value back in the caller (e.g., @code{vsnprintf} in the @acronym{GNU} C Library
2.1).

@item Signed @code{>>}
Normally the C @code{>>} right shift of a signed type replicates the
high bit, giving a so-called ``arithmetic'' shift.  But care should be
taken since the ISO C standard doesn't require that behavior.  On those
few processors without a native arithmetic shift (for instance Cray
vector systems) zero bits may be shifted in, the same as a shift of an
unsigned type.
@end table


@node Particular Functions
@subsection Particular Function Checks
@cindex Function, checking

These macros check for particular C functions---whether they exist, and
in some cases how they respond when given certain arguments.

@defmac AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
@acindex FUNC_ALLOCA
@cvindex C_ALLOCA
@cvindex HAVE_ALLOCA_H
@ovindex ALLOCA
@c @fuindex alloca
@prindex @code{alloca}
Check how to get @code{alloca}.  Tries to get a builtin version by
checking for @file{alloca.h} or the predefined C preprocessor macros
@code{__GNUC__} and @code{_AIX}.  If this macro finds @file{alloca.h},
it defines @code{HAVE_ALLOCA_H}.

If those attempts fail, it looks for the function in the standard C
library.  If any of those methods succeed, it defines
@code{HAVE_ALLOCA}.  Otherwise, it sets the output variable
@code{ALLOCA} to @samp{alloca.o} and defines @code{C_ALLOCA} (so
programs can periodically call @samp{alloca(0)} to garbage collect).
This variable is separate from @code{LIBOBJS} so multiple programs can
share the value of @code{ALLOCA} without needing to create an actual
library, in case only some of them use the code in @code{LIBOBJS}.

This macro does not try to get @code{alloca} from the System V R3
@file{libPW} or the System V R4 @file{libucb} because those libraries
contain some incompatible functions that cause trouble.  Some versions
do not even contain @code{alloca} or contain a buggy version.  If you
still want to use their @code{alloca}, use @code{ar} to extract
@file{alloca.o} from them instead of compiling @file{alloca.c}.

Source files that use @code{alloca} should start with a piece of code
like the following, to declare it properly.  In some versions of @acronym{AIX},
the declaration of @code{alloca} must precede everything else except for
comments and preprocessor directives.  The @code{#pragma} directive is
indented so that pre-@acronym{ANSI} C compilers will ignore it, rather than
choke on it.

@example
@group
/* AIX requires this to be the first thing in the file.  */
#ifndef __GNUC__
# if HAVE_ALLOCA_H
#  include <alloca.h>
# else
#  ifdef _AIX
 #pragma alloca
#  else
#   ifndef alloca /* predefined by HP cc +Olibcalls */
char *alloca ();
#   endif
#  endif
# endif
#endif
@end group
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_CHOWN
@acindex FUNC_CHOWN
@c @fuindex chown
@prindex @code{chown}
If the @code{chown} function is available and works (in particular, it
should accept @option{-1} for @code{uid} and @code{gid}), define
@code{HAVE_CHOWN}.
@end defmac


@defmac AC_FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID
@acindex FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID
@cvindex CLOSEDIR_VOID
@c @fuindex closedir
@prindex @code{closedir}
If the @code{closedir} function does not return a meaningful value,
define @code{CLOSEDIR_VOID}.  Otherwise, callers ought to check its
return value for an error indicator.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_ERROR_AT_LINE
@acindex FUNC_ERROR_AT_LINE
@c @fuindex error_at_line
@prindex @code{error_at_line}
If the @code{error_at_line} function is not found, require an
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement of @samp{error}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_FNMATCH
@acindex FUNC_FNMATCH
@c @fuindex fnmatch
@prindex @code{fnmatch}
If the @code{fnmatch} function conforms to @acronym{POSIX}, define
@code{HAVE_FNMATCH}.  Detect common implementation bugs, for example,
the bugs in Solaris 2.4.

Note that for historical reasons, contrary to the other specific
@code{AC_FUNC} macros, @code{AC_FUNC_FNMATCH} does not replace a
broken/missing @code{fnmatch}.  See @code{AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH} below.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_FNMATCH_GNU
@acindex FUNC_FNMATCH_GNU
@c @fuindex fnmatch
@prindex @code{fnmatch}
Behave like @code{AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH} (@emph{replace}) but also test
whether @code{fnmatch} supports @acronym{GNU} extensions.  Detect common
implementation bugs, for example, the bugs in the @acronym{GNU} C
Library 2.1.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_FORK
@acindex FUNC_FORK
@cvindex HAVE_VFORK_H
@cvindex HAVE_WORKING_FORK
@cvindex HAVE_WORKING_VFORK
@cvindex vfork
@c @fuindex fork
@prindex @code{fork}
@c @fuindex vfork
@prindex @code{vfork}
This macro checks for the @code{fork} and @code{vfork} functions.  If a
working @code{fork} is found, define @code{HAVE_WORKING_FORK}.  This macro
checks whether @code{fork} is just a stub by trying to run it.

If @file{vfork.h} is found, define @code{HAVE_VFORK_H}.  If a working
@code{vfork} is found, define @code{HAVE_WORKING_VFORK}.  Otherwise,
define @code{vfork} to be @code{fork} for backward compatibility with
previous versions of @command{autoconf}.  This macro checks for several known
errors in implementations of @code{vfork} and considers the system to not
have a working @code{vfork} if it detects any of them.  It is not considered
to be an implementation error if a child's invocation of @code{signal}
modifies the parent's signal handler, since child processes rarely change
their signal handlers.

Since this macro defines @code{vfork} only for backward compatibility with
previous versions of @command{autoconf} you're encouraged to define it
yourself in new code:
@example
@group
#if !HAVE_WORKING_VFORK
# define vfork fork
#endif
@end group
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_FSEEKO
@acindex FUNC_FSEEKO
@cvindex _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
@c @fuindex fseeko
@prindex @code{fseeko}
If the @code{fseeko} function is available, define @code{HAVE_FSEEKO}.
Define @code{_LARGEFILE_SOURCE} if necessary.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_GETGROUPS
@acindex FUNC_GETGROUPS
@ovindex GETGROUPS_LIBS
@c @fuindex getgroups
@prindex @code{getgroups}
If the @code{getgroups} function is available and works (unlike on
Ultrix 4.3, where @samp{getgroups (0, 0)} always fails), define
@code{HAVE_GETGROUPS}.  Set @code{GETGROUPS_LIBS} to any libraries
needed to get that function.  This macro runs @code{AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_GETLOADAVG
@acindex FUNC_GETLOADAVG
@cvindex SVR4
@cvindex DGUX
@cvindex UMAX
@cvindex UMAX4_3
@cvindex HAVE_NLIST_H
@cvindex NLIST_NAME_UNION
@cvindex GETLODAVG_PRIVILEGED
@cvindex NEED_SETGID
@cvindex C_GETLOADAVG
@ovindex LIBOBJS
@ovindex NEED_SETGID
@ovindex KMEM_GROUP
@ovindex GETLOADAVG_LIBS
@c @fuindex getloadavg
@prindex @code{getloadavg}
Check how to get the system load averages.  To perform its tests
properly, this macro needs the file @file{getloadavg.c}; therefore, be
sure to set the @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement directory properly (see
@ref{Generic Functions}, @code{AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR}).

If the system has the @code{getloadavg} function, define
@code{HAVE_GETLOADAVG}, and set @code{GETLOADAVG_LIBS} to any libraries
needed to get that function.  Also add @code{GETLOADAVG_LIBS} to
@code{LIBS}.  Otherwise, require an @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement for
@samp{getloadavg} with source code in @file{@var{dir}/getloadavg.c}, and
possibly define several other C preprocessor macros and output
variables:

@enumerate
@item
Define @code{C_GETLOADAVG}.

@item
Define @code{SVR4}, @code{DGUX}, @code{UMAX}, or @code{UMAX4_3} if on
those systems.

@item
If @file{nlist.h} is found, define @code{HAVE_NLIST_H}.

@item
If @samp{struct nlist} has an @samp{n_un.n_name} member, define
@code{HAVE_STRUCT_NLIST_N_UN_N_NAME}.  The obsolete symbol
@code{NLIST_NAME_UNION} is still defined, but do not depend upon it.

@item
Programs may need to be installed setgid (or setuid) for
@code{getloadavg} to work.  In this case, define
@code{GETLOADAVG_PRIVILEGED}, set the output variable @code{NEED_SETGID}
to @samp{true} (and otherwise to @samp{false}), and set
@code{KMEM_GROUP} to the name of the group that should own the installed
program.
@end enumerate
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT
@acindex FUNC_GETMNTENT
@cvindex HAVE_GETMNTENT
@c @fuindex getmntent
@prindex @code{getmntent}
Check for @code{getmntent} in the @file{sun}, @file{seq}, and @file{gen}
libraries, for @sc{irix} 4, PTX, and Unixware, respectively.  Then, if
@code{getmntent} is available, define @code{HAVE_GETMNTENT}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_GETPGRP
@acindex FUNC_GETPGRP
@cvindex GETPGRP_VOID
@c @fuindex getpgid
@c @fuindex getpgrp
@prindex @code{getpgid}
@prindex @code{getpgrp}
Define @code{GETPGRP_VOID} if it is an error to pass 0 to
@code{getpgrp}; this is the @acronym{POSIX} behavior.  On older BSD
systems, you must pass 0 to @code{getpgrp}, as it takes an argument and
behaves like @acronym{POSIX}'s @code{getpgid}.

@example
#if GETPGRP_VOID
  pid = getpgrp ();
#else
  pid = getpgrp (0);
#endif
@end example

This macro does not check whether
@code{getpgrp} exists at all; if you need to work in that situation,
first call @code{AC_CHECK_FUNC} for @code{getpgrp}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK
@acindex FUNC_LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK
@cvindex LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK
@c @fuindex lstat
@prindex @code{lstat}
If @file{link} is a symbolic link, then @code{lstat} should treat
@file{link/} the same as @file{link/.}.  However, many older
@code{lstat} implementations incorrectly ignore trailing slashes.

It is safe to assume that if @code{lstat} incorrectly ignores
trailing slashes, then other symbolic-link-aware functions like
@code{unlink} also incorrectly ignore trailing slashes.

If @code{lstat} behaves properly, define
@code{LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK}, otherwise require an
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement of @code{lstat}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_MALLOC
@acindex FUNC_MALLOC
@cvindex HAVE_MALLOC
@cvindex malloc
@c @fuindex malloc
@prindex @code{malloc}
If the @code{malloc} function is compatible with the @acronym{GNU} C
library @code{malloc} (i.e., @samp{malloc (0)} returns a valid
pointer), define @code{HAVE_MALLOC} to 1.  Otherwise define
@code{HAVE_MALLOC} to 0, ask for an @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement for
@samp{malloc}, and define @code{malloc} to @code{rpl_malloc} so that the
native @code{malloc} is not used in the main project.

Typically, the replacement file @file{malloc.c} should look like (note
the @samp{#undef malloc}):

@verbatim
#if HAVE_CONFIG_H
# include <config.h>
#endif
#undef malloc

#include <sys/types.h>

void *malloc ();

/* Allocate an N-byte block of memory from the heap.
   If N is zero, allocate a 1-byte block.  */

void *
rpl_malloc (size_t n)
{
  if (n == 0)
    n = 1;
  return malloc (n);
}
@end verbatim
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
@acindex FUNC_MEMCMP
@ovindex LIBOBJS
@c @fuindex memcmp
@prindex @code{memcmp}
If the @code{memcmp} function is not available, or does not work on
8-bit data (like the one on SunOS 4.1.3), or fails when comparing 16
bytes or more and with at least one buffer not starting on a 4-byte
boundary (such as the one on NeXT x86 OpenStep), require an
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement for @samp{memcmp}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_MBRTOWC
@acindex FUNC_MBRTOWC
@cvindex HAVE_MBRTOWC
@c @fuindex mbrtowc
@prindex @code{mbrtowc}
Define @code{HAVE_MBRTOWC} to 1 if the function @code{mbrtowc} and the
type @code{mbstate_t} are properly declared.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_MKTIME
@acindex FUNC_MKTIME
@ovindex LIBOBJS
@c @fuindex mktime
@prindex @code{mktime}
If the @code{mktime} function is not available, or does not work
correctly, require an @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement for @samp{mktime}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_MMAP
@acindex FUNC_MMAP
@cvindex HAVE_MMAP
@c @fuindex mmap
@prindex @code{mmap}
If the @code{mmap} function exists and works correctly, define
@code{HAVE_MMAP}.  Only checks private fixed mapping of already-mapped
memory.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_OBSTACK
@acindex FUNC_OBSTACK
@cvindex HAVE_OBSTACK
@cindex obstack
If the obstacks are found, define @code{HAVE_OBSTACK}, else require an
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement for @samp{obstack}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_REALLOC
@acindex FUNC_REALLOC
@cvindex HAVE_REALLOC
@cvindex realloc
@c @fuindex realloc
@prindex @code{realloc}
If the @code{realloc} function is compatible with the @acronym{GNU} C
library @code{realloc} (i.e., @samp{realloc (0, 0)} returns a
valid pointer), define @code{HAVE_REALLOC} to 1.  Otherwise define
@code{HAVE_REALLOC} to 0, ask for an @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement for
@samp{realloc}, and define @code{realloc} to @code{rpl_realloc} so that
the native @code{realloc} is not used in the main project.  See
@code{AC_FUNC_MALLOC} for details.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_SELECT_ARGTYPES
@acindex FUNC_SELECT_ARGTYPES
@cvindex SELECT_TYPE_ARG1
@cvindex SELECT_TYPE_ARG234
@cvindex SELECT_TYPE_ARG5
@c @fuindex select
@prindex @code{select}
Determines the correct type to be passed for each of the
@code{select} function's arguments, and defines those types
in @code{SELECT_TYPE_ARG1}, @code{SELECT_TYPE_ARG234}, and
@code{SELECT_TYPE_ARG5} respectively.  @code{SELECT_TYPE_ARG1} defaults
to @samp{int}, @code{SELECT_TYPE_ARG234} defaults to @samp{int *},
and @code{SELECT_TYPE_ARG5} defaults to @samp{struct timeval *}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_SETPGRP
@acindex FUNC_SETPGRP
@cvindex SETPGRP_VOID
@c @fuindex setpgrp
@prindex @code{setpgrp}
If @code{setpgrp} takes no argument (the @acronym{POSIX} version), define
@code{SETPGRP_VOID}.  Otherwise, it is the @acronym{BSD} version, which takes
two process IDs as arguments.  This macro does not check whether
@code{setpgrp} exists at all; if you need to work in that situation,
first call @code{AC_CHECK_FUNC} for @code{setpgrp}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_STAT
@defmacx AC_FUNC_LSTAT
@acindex FUNC_STAT
@acindex FUNC_LSTAT
@cvindex HAVE_STAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG
@cvindex HAVE_LSTAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG
@c @fuindex stat
@prindex @code{stat}
@c @fuindex lstat
@prindex @code{lstat}
Determine whether @code{stat} or @code{lstat} have the bug that it
succeeds when given the zero-length file name as argument.  The @code{stat}
and @code{lstat} from SunOS 4.1.4 and the Hurd (as of 1998-11-01) do
this.

If it does, then define @code{HAVE_STAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG} (or
@code{HAVE_LSTAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG}) and ask for an @code{AC_LIBOBJ}
replacement of it.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED
@acindex FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED
@cvindex SETVBUF_REVERSED
@c @fuindex setvbuf
@prindex @code{setvbuf}
If @code{setvbuf} takes the buffering type as its second argument and
the buffer pointer as the third, instead of the other way around, define
@code{SETVBUF_REVERSED}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_STRCOLL
@acindex FUNC_STRCOLL
@cvindex HAVE_STRCOLL
@c @fuindex strcoll
@prindex @code{strcoll}
If the @code{strcoll} function exists and works correctly, define
@code{HAVE_STRCOLL}.  This does a bit more than
@samp{AC_CHECK_FUNCS(strcoll)}, because some systems have incorrect
definitions of @code{strcoll} that should not be used.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_STRTOD
@acindex FUNC_STRTOD
@ovindex POW_LIB
@c @fuindex strtod
@prindex @code{strtod}
If the @code{strtod} function does not exist or doesn't work correctly,
ask for an @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement of @samp{strtod}.  In this case,
because @file{strtod.c} is likely to need @samp{pow}, set the output
variable @code{POW_LIB} to the extra library needed.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_STRERROR_R
@acindex FUNC_STRERROR_R
@cvindex HAVE_STRERROR_R
@cvindex HAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R
@cvindex STRERROR_R_CHAR_P
@c @fuindex strerror_r
@prindex @code{strerror_r}
If @code{strerror_r} is available, define @code{HAVE_STRERROR_R}, and if
it is declared, define @code{HAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R}.  If it returns a
@code{char *} message, define @code{STRERROR_R_CHAR_P}; otherwise it
returns an @code{int} error number.  The Thread-Safe Functions option of
@acronym{POSIX} requires @code{strerror_r} to return @code{int}, but
many systems (including, for example, version 2.2.4 of the @acronym{GNU} C
Library) return a @code{char *} value that is not necessarily equal to
the buffer argument.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_STRFTIME
@acindex FUNC_STRFTIME
@cvindex HAVE_STRFTIME
@c @fuindex strftime
@prindex @code{strftime}
Check for @code{strftime} in the @file{intl} library, for SCO @sc{unix}.
Then, if @code{strftime} is available, define @code{HAVE_STRFTIME}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_STRNLEN
@acindex FUNC_STRNLEN
@cvindex HAVE_STRNLEN
@c @fuindex strnlen
@prindex @code{strnlen}
If the @code{strnlen} function is not available, or is buggy (like the one
from @acronym{AIX} 4.3), require an @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement for it.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL
@acindex FUNC_UTIME_NULL
@cvindex HAVE_UTIME_NULL
@c @fuindex utime
@prindex @code{utime}
If @samp{utime(@var{file}, NULL)} sets @var{file}'s timestamp to
the present, define @code{HAVE_UTIME_NULL}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_VPRINTF
@acindex FUNC_VPRINTF
@cvindex HAVE_VPRINTF
@cvindex HAVE_DOPRNT
@c @fuindex vprintf
@prindex @code{vprintf}
If @code{vprintf} is found, define @code{HAVE_VPRINTF}.  Otherwise, if
@code{_doprnt} is found, define @code{HAVE_DOPRNT}.  (If @code{vprintf}
is available, you may assume that @code{vfprintf} and @code{vsprintf}
are also available.)
@end defmac

@defmac AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH
@acindex REPLACE_FNMATCH
@c @fuindex fnmatch
@prindex @code{fnmatch}
If the @code{fnmatch} function does not conform to @acronym{POSIX} (see
@code{AC_FUNC_FNMATCH}), ask for its @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement.

The files @file{fnmatch.c}, @file{fnmatch_loop.c}, and @file{fnmatch_.h}
in the @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement directory are assumed to contain a
copy of the source code of @acronym{GNU} @code{fnmatch}.  If necessary,
this source code is compiled as an @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement, and the
@file{fnmatch_.h} file is linked to @file{fnmatch.h} so that it can be
included in place of the system @code{<fnmatch.h>}.
@end defmac



@node Generic Functions
@subsection Generic Function Checks

These macros are used to find functions not covered by the ``particular''
test macros.  If the functions might be in libraries other than the
default C library, first call @code{AC_CHECK_LIB} for those libraries.
If you need to check the behavior of a function as well as find out
whether it is present, you have to write your own test for
it (@pxref{Writing Tests}).

@defmac AC_CHECK_FUNC (@var{function}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex CHECK_FUNC
If C function @var{function} is available, run shell commands
@var{action-if-found}, otherwise @var{action-if-not-found}.  If you just
want to define a symbol if the function is available, consider using
@code{AC_CHECK_FUNCS} instead.  This macro checks for functions with C
linkage even when @code{AC_LANG(C++)} has been called, since C is more
standardized than C++.  (@pxref{Language Choice}, for more information
about selecting the language for checks.)
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_FUNCS (@var{function}@dots{}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex CHECK_FUNCS
@cvindex HAVE_@var{function}
For each @var{function} in the whitespace-separated argument list,
define @code{HAVE_@var{function}} (in all capitals) if it is available.
If @var{action-if-found} is given, it is additional shell code to
execute when one of the functions is found.  You can give it a value of
@samp{break} to break out of the loop on the first match.  If
@var{action-if-not-found} is given, it is executed when one of the
functions is not found.
@end defmac

@sp 1

Autoconf follows a philosophy that was formed over the years by those
who have struggled for portability: isolate the portability issues in
specific files, and then program as if you were in a @acronym{POSIX}
environment.  Some functions may be missing or unfixable, and your
package must be ready to replace them.

@defmac AC_LIBOBJ (@var{function})
@acindex LIBOBJ
@ovindex LIBOBJS
Specify that @samp{@var{function}.c} must be included in the executables
to replace a missing or broken implementation of @var{function}.

Technically, it adds @samp{@var{function}.$ac_objext} to the output
variable @code{LIBOBJS} and calls @code{AC_LIBSOURCE} for
@samp{@var{function}.c}.  You should not directly change @code{LIBOBJS},
since this is not traceable.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LIBSOURCE (@var{file})
@acindex LIBSOURCE
Specify that @var{file} might be needed to compile the project.  If you
need to know what files might be needed by a @file{configure.ac}, you
should trace @code{AC_LIBSOURCE}.  @var{file} must be a literal.

This macro is called automatically from @code{AC_LIBOBJ}, but you must
call it explicitly if you pass a shell variable to @code{AC_LIBOBJ}.  In
that case, since shell variables cannot be traced statically, you must
pass to @code{AC_LIBSOURCE} any possible files that the shell variable
might cause @code{AC_LIBOBJ} to need.  For example, if you want to pass
a variable @code{$foo_or_bar} to @code{AC_LIBOBJ} that holds either
@code{"foo"} or @code{"bar"}, you should do:

@example
AC_LIBSOURCE(foo.c)
AC_LIBSOURCE(bar.c)
AC_LIBOBJ($foo_or_bar)
@end example

@noindent
There is usually a way to avoid this, however, and you are encouraged to
simply call @code{AC_LIBOBJ} with literal arguments.

Note that this macro replaces the obsolete @code{AC_LIBOBJ_DECL}, with
slightly different semantics: the old macro took the function name,
e.g., @code{foo}, as its argument rather than the file name.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LIBSOURCES (@var{files})
@acindex LIBSOURCES
Like @code{AC_LIBSOURCE}, but accepts one or more @var{files} in a
comma-separated M4 list.  Thus, the above example might be rewritten:

@example
AC_LIBSOURCES([foo.c, bar.c])
AC_LIBOBJ($foo_or_bar)
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR (@var{directory})
@acindex CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR
Specify that @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement files are to be found in
@var{directory}, a relative path starting from the top level of the
source tree.  The replacement directory defaults to @file{.}, the top
level directory, and the most typical value is @file{lib}, corresponding
to @samp{AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR(lib)}.

@command{configure} might need to know the replacement directory for the
following reasons: (i) some checks use the replacement files, (ii) some
macros bypass broken system headers by installing links to the
replacement headers, etc.
@end defmac

@sp 1

It is common to merely check for the existence of a function, and ask
for its @code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement if missing.  The following macro is
a convenient shorthand.

@defmac AC_REPLACE_FUNCS (@var{function}@dots{})
@acindex REPLACE_FUNCS
@ovindex LIBOBJS
Like @code{AC_CHECK_FUNCS}, but uses @samp{AC_LIBOBJ(@var{function})} as
@var{action-if-not-found}.  You can declare your replacement function by
enclosing the prototype in @samp{#if !HAVE_@var{function}}.  If the
system has the function, it probably declares it in a header file you
should be including, so you shouldn't redeclare it lest your declaration
conflict.
@end defmac

@node Header Files
@section Header Files
@cindex Header, checking

The following macros check for the presence of certain C header files.
If there is no macro specifically defined to check for a header file you need,
and you don't need to check for any special properties of
it, then you can use one of the general header-file check macros.

@menu
* Header Portability::          Collected knowledge on common headers
* Particular Headers::          Special handling to find certain headers
* Generic Headers::             How to find other headers
@end menu

@node Header Portability
@subsection Portability of Headers

This section tries to collect knowledge about common headers, and the
problems they cause.  By definition, this list will always require
additions.  Please help us keeping it as complete as possible.

@table @asis
@item @file{inttypes.h} vs.@: @file{stdint.h}
Paul Eggert notes that: ISO C 1999 says that @file{inttypes.h} includes
@file{stdint.h}, so there's no need to include @file{stdint.h}
separately in a standard environment.  Many implementations have
@file{inttypes.h} but not @file{stdint.h} (e.g., Solaris 7), but I don't
know of any implementation that has @file{stdint.h} but not
@file{inttypes.h}.  Nor do I know of any free software that includes
@file{stdint.h}; @file{stdint.h} seems to be a creation of the committee.
@end table


@node Particular Headers
@subsection Particular Header Checks

These macros check for particular system header files---whether they
exist, and in some cases whether they declare certain symbols.

@defmac AC_HEADER_DIRENT
@acindex HEADER_DIRENT
@cvindex HAVE_DIRENT_H
@cvindex HAVE_NDIR_H
@cvindex HAVE_SYS_DIR_H
@cvindex HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
Check for the following header files.  For the first one that is
found and defines @samp{DIR}, define the listed C preprocessor macro:

@multitable {@file{sys/ndir.h}} {@code{HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H}}
@item @file{dirent.h}   @tab @code{HAVE_DIRENT_H}
@item @file{sys/ndir.h} @tab @code{HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H}
@item @file{sys/dir.h}  @tab @code{HAVE_SYS_DIR_H}
@item @file{ndir.h}     @tab @code{HAVE_NDIR_H}
@end multitable

The directory-library declarations in your source code should look
something like the following:

@example
@group
#if HAVE_DIRENT_H
# include <dirent.h>
# define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
#else
# define dirent direct
# define NAMLEN(dirent) (dirent)->d_namlen
# if HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
#  include <sys/ndir.h>
# endif
# if HAVE_SYS_DIR_H
#  include <sys/dir.h>
# endif
# if HAVE_NDIR_H
#  include <ndir.h>
# endif
#endif
@end group
@end example

Using the above declarations, the program would declare variables to be
of type @code{struct dirent}, not @code{struct direct}, and would access
the length of a directory entry name by passing a pointer to a
@code{struct dirent} to the @code{NAMLEN} macro.

This macro also checks for the SCO Xenix @file{dir} and @file{x} libraries.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HEADER_MAJOR
@acindex HEADER_MAJOR
@cvindex MAJOR_IN_MKDEV
@cvindex MAJOR_IN_SYSMACROS
If @file{sys/types.h} does not define @code{major}, @code{minor}, and
@code{makedev}, but @file{sys/mkdev.h} does, define
@code{MAJOR_IN_MKDEV}; otherwise, if @file{sys/sysmacros.h} does, define
@code{MAJOR_IN_SYSMACROS}.
@end defmac


@defmac AC_HEADER_STAT
@acindex HEADER_STAT
@acindex STAT_MACROS_BROKEN
If the macros @code{S_ISDIR}, @code{S_ISREG}, etc.@: defined in
@file{sys/stat.h} do not work properly (returning false positives),
define @code{STAT_MACROS_BROKEN}.  This is the case on Tektronix UTekV,
Amdahl UTS and Motorola System V/88.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
@acindex HEADER_STDBOOL
@cvindex HAVE_STDBOOL_H
@cvindex HAVE__BOOL
If @file{stdbool.h} exists and is conformant to C99, define
@code{HAVE_STDBOOL_H} to 1; if the type @code{_Bool} is defined, define
@code{HAVE__BOOL} to 1.  To fulfill the C99 requirements, your
@file{system.h} should contain the following code:

@verbatim
#if HAVE_STDBOOL_H
# include <stdbool.h>
#else
# if ! HAVE__BOOL
#  ifdef __cplusplus
typedef bool _Bool;
#  else
typedef unsigned char _Bool;
#  endif
# endif
# define bool _Bool
# define false 0
# define true 1
# define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
#endif
@end verbatim
@end defmac


@defmac AC_HEADER_STDC
@acindex HEADER_STDC
@cvindex STDC_HEADERS
Define @code{STDC_HEADERS} if the system has @acronym{ANSI} C header files.
Specifically, this macro checks for @file{stdlib.h}, @file{stdarg.h},
@file{string.h}, and @file{float.h}; if the system has those, it
probably has the rest of the @acronym{ANSI} C header files.  This macro also
checks whether @file{string.h} declares @code{memchr} (and thus
presumably the other @code{mem} functions), whether @file{stdlib.h}
declare @code{free} (and thus presumably @code{malloc} and other related
functions), and whether the @file{ctype.h} macros work on characters
with the high bit set, as @acronym{ANSI} C requires.

Use @code{STDC_HEADERS} instead of @code{__STDC__} to determine whether
the system has @acronym{ANSI}-compliant header files (and probably C library
functions) because many systems that have GCC do not have @acronym{ANSI} C
header files.

On systems without @acronym{ANSI} C headers, there is so much variation
that it is probably easier to declare the functions you use than to
figure out exactly what the system header files declare.  Some systems
contain a mix of functions from @acronym{ANSI} and @acronym{BSD}; some are
mostly @acronym{ANSI} but lack @samp{memmove}; some define the
@acronym{BSD} functions as macros in @file{string.h} or
@file{strings.h}; some have only the @acronym{BSD} functions but
@file{string.h}; some declare the memory functions in @file{memory.h},
some in @file{string.h}; etc.  It is probably sufficient to check for
one string function and one memory function; if the library has the
@acronym{ANSI} versions of those then it probably has most of the others.
If you put the following in @file{configure.ac}:

@example
AC_HEADER_STDC
AC_CHECK_FUNCS(strchr memcpy)
@end example

@noindent
then, in your code, you can use declarations like this:

@example
@group
#if STDC_HEADERS
# include <string.h>
#else
# if !HAVE_STRCHR
#  define strchr index
#  define strrchr rindex
# endif
char *strchr (), *strrchr ();
# if !HAVE_MEMCPY
#  define memcpy(d, s, n) bcopy ((s), (d), (n))
#  define memmove(d, s, n) bcopy ((s), (d), (n))
# endif
#endif
@end group
@end example

@noindent
If you use a function like @code{memchr}, @code{memset}, @code{strtok},
or @code{strspn}, which have no @acronym{BSD} equivalent, then macros won't
suffice; you must provide an implementation of each function.  An easy
way to incorporate your implementations only when needed (since the ones
in system C libraries may be hand optimized) is to, taking @code{memchr}
for example, put it in @file{memchr.c} and use
@samp{AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(memchr)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
@acindex HEADER_SYS_WAIT
@cvindex HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
If @file{sys/wait.h} exists and is compatible with @acronym{POSIX}, define
@code{HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H}.  Incompatibility can occur if @file{sys/wait.h}
does not exist, or if it uses the old @acronym{BSD} @code{union wait} instead
of @code{int} to store a status value.  If @file{sys/wait.h} is not
@acronym{POSIX} compatible, then instead of including it, define the
@acronym{POSIX} macros with their usual interpretations.  Here is an
example:

@example
@group
#include <sys/types.h>
#if HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
# include <sys/wait.h>
#endif
#ifndef WEXITSTATUS
# define WEXITSTATUS(stat_val) ((unsigned)(stat_val) >> 8)
#endif
#ifndef WIFEXITED
# define WIFEXITED(stat_val) (((stat_val) & 255) == 0)
#endif
@end group
@end example
@end defmac

@cvindex _POSIX_VERSION
@code{_POSIX_VERSION} is defined when @file{unistd.h} is included on
@acronym{POSIX} systems.  If there is no @file{unistd.h}, it is definitely
not a @acronym{POSIX} system.  However, some non-@acronym{POSIX} systems do
have @file{unistd.h}.

The way to check if the system supports @acronym{POSIX} is:

@example
@group
#if HAVE_UNISTD_H
# include <sys/types.h>
# include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifdef _POSIX_VERSION
/* Code for POSIX systems.  */
#endif
@end group
@end example

@defmac AC_HEADER_TIME
@acindex HEADER_TIME
@cvindex TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
If a program may include both @file{time.h} and @file{sys/time.h},
define @code{TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME}.  On some older systems,
@file{sys/time.h} includes @file{time.h}, but @file{time.h} is not
protected against multiple inclusion, so programs should not explicitly
include both files.  This macro is useful in programs that use, for
example, @code{struct timeval} as well as
@code{struct tm}.  It is best used in conjunction with
@code{HAVE_SYS_TIME_H}, which can be checked for using
@code{AC_CHECK_HEADERS(sys/time.h)}.

@example
@group
#if TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
# include <sys/time.h>
# include <time.h>
#else
# if HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
#  include <sys/time.h>
# else
#  include <time.h>
# endif
#endif
@end group
@end example
@end defmac


@defmac AC_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ
@acindex HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ
@cvindex GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL
@c FIXME: I need clarifications from Jim.
If the use of @code{TIOCGWINSZ} requires @file{<sys/ioctl.h>}, then
define @code{GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL}.  Otherwise @code{TIOCGWINSZ} can be
found in @file{<termios.h>}.

Use:

@example
@group
#if HAVE_TERMIOS_H
# include <termios.h>
#endif

#if GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL
# include <sys/ioctl.h>
#endif
@end group
@end example
@end defmac

@node Generic Headers
@subsection Generic Header Checks

These macros are used to find system header files not covered by the
``particular'' test macros.  If you need to check the contents of a header
as well as find out whether it is present, you have to write your own
test for it (@pxref{Writing Tests}).

@defmac AC_CHECK_HEADER (@var{header-file}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_HEADER
If the system header file @var{header-file} is compilable, execute shell
commands @var{action-if-found}, otherwise execute
@var{action-if-not-found}.  If you just want to define a symbol if the
header file is available, consider using @code{AC_CHECK_HEADERS}
instead.

For compatibility issues with older versions of Autoconf, please read
below.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_HEADERS (@var{header-file}@dots{}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_HEADERS
@cvindex HAVE_@var{header}
For each given system header file @var{header-file} in the
whitespace-separated argument list that exists, define
@code{HAVE_@var{header-file}} (in all capitals).  If @var{action-if-found}
is given, it is additional shell code to execute when one of the header
files is found.  You can give it a value of @samp{break} to break out of
the loop on the first match.  If @var{action-if-not-found} is given, it
is executed when one of the header files is not found.

For compatibility issues with older versions of Autoconf, please read
below.
@end defmac

Previous versions of Autoconf merely checked whether the header was
accepted by the preprocessor.  This was changed because the old test was
inappropriate for typical uses.  Headers are typically used to compile,
not merely to preprocess, and the old behavior sometimes accepted
headers that clashed at compile-time.  If you need to check whether a
header is preprocessable, you can use @code{AC_PREPROC_IFELSE}
(@pxref{Running the Preprocessor}).

This scheme, which improves the robustness of the test, also requires
that you make sure that headers that must be included before the
@var{header-file} be part of the @var{includes}, (@pxref{Default
Includes}).  If looking for @file{bar.h}, which requires that
@file{foo.h} be included before if it exists, we suggest the following
scheme:

@verbatim
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([foo.h])
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([bar.h], [], [],
[#if HAVE_FOO_H
# include <foo.h>
# endif
])
@end verbatim

@node Declarations
@section Declarations
@cindex Declaration, checking

The following macros check for the declaration of variables and
functions.  If there is no macro specifically defined to check for a
symbol you need, then you can use the general macros (@pxref{Generic
Declarations}) or, for more complex tests, you may use
@code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE} (@pxref{Running the Compiler}).

@menu
* Particular Declarations::     Macros to check for certain declarations
* Generic Declarations::        How to find other declarations
@end menu

@node Particular Declarations
@subsection Particular Declaration Checks

There are no specific macros for declarations.

@node Generic Declarations
@subsection Generic Declaration Checks

These macros are used to find declarations not covered by the ``particular''
test macros.

@defmac AC_CHECK_DECL (@var{symbol}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_DECL
If @var{symbol} (a function or a variable) is not declared in
@var{includes} and a declaration is needed, run the shell commands
@var{action-if-not-found}, otherwise @var{action-if-found}.  If no
@var{includes} are specified, the default includes are used
(@pxref{Default Includes}).

This macro actually tests whether it is valid to use @var{symbol} as an
r-value, not if it is really declared, because it is much safer to avoid
introducing extra declarations when they are not needed.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_DECLS (@var{symbols}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_DECLS
@cvindex HAVE_DECL_@var{symbol}
For each of the @var{symbols} (@emph{comma}-separated list), define
@code{HAVE_DECL_@var{symbol}} (in all capitals) to @samp{1} if
@var{symbol} is declared, otherwise to @samp{0}.  If
@var{action-if-not-found} is given, it is additional shell code to
execute when one of the function declarations is needed, otherwise
@var{action-if-found} is executed.

This macro uses an m4 list as first argument:
@example
AC_CHECK_DECLS(strdup)
AC_CHECK_DECLS([strlen])
AC_CHECK_DECLS([malloc, realloc, calloc, free])
@end example

Unlike the other @samp{AC_CHECK_*S} macros, when a @var{symbol} is not
declared, @code{HAVE_DECL_@var{symbol}} is defined to @samp{0} instead
of leaving @code{HAVE_DECL_@var{symbol}} undeclared.  When you are
@emph{sure} that the check was performed, use
@code{HAVE_DECL_@var{symbol}} just like any other result of Autoconf:

@example
#if !HAVE_DECL_SYMBOL
extern char *symbol;
#endif
@end example

@noindent
If the test may have not been performed, however, because it is safer
@emph{not} to declare a symbol than to use a declaration that conflicts
with the system's one, you should use:

@example
#if defined HAVE_DECL_MALLOC && !HAVE_DECL_MALLOC
void *malloc (size_t *s);
#endif
@end example

@noindent
You fall into the second category only in extreme situations: either
your files may be used without being configured, or they are used during
the configuration.  In most cases the traditional approach is enough.
@end defmac


@node Structures
@section Structures
@cindex Structure, checking

The following macros check for the presence of certain members in C
structures.  If there is no macro specifically defined to check for a
member you need, then you can use the general structure-member macros
(@pxref{Generic Structures}) or, for more complex tests, you may use
@code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE} (@pxref{Running the Compiler}).

@menu
* Particular Structures::       Macros to check for certain structure members
* Generic Structures::          How to find other structure members
@end menu

@node Particular Structures
@subsection Particular Structure Checks

The following macros check for certain structures or structure members.

@defmac AC_STRUCT_ST_BLKSIZE
@acindex STRUCT_ST_BLKSIZE
@cvindex HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLKSIZE
@cvindex HAVE_ST_BLKSIZE
If @code{struct stat} contains an @code{st_blksize} member, define
@code{HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLKSIZE}.  The former name,
@code{HAVE_ST_BLKSIZE} is to be avoided, as its support will cease in
the future.  This macro is obsoleted, and should be replaced by

@example
AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blksize])
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS
@acindex STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS
@cvindex HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS
@cvindex HAVE_ST_BLOCKS
@ovindex LIBOBJS
If @code{struct stat} contains an @code{st_blocks} member, define
@code{HAVE_STRUCT STAT_ST_BLOCKS}.  Otherwise, require an
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement of @samp{fileblocks}.  The former name,
@code{HAVE_ST_BLOCKS} is to be avoided, as its support will cease in the
future.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_STRUCT_ST_RDEV
@acindex STRUCT_ST_RDEV
@cvindex HAVE_ST_RDEV
@cvindex HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV
If @code{struct stat} contains an @code{st_rdev} member, define
@code{HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV}.  The former name for this macro,
@code{HAVE_ST_RDEV}, is to be avoided as it will cease to be supported
in the future.  Actually, even the new macro is obsolete and should be
replaced by:
@example
AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_rdev])
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_STRUCT_TM
@acindex STRUCT_TM
@cvindex TM_IN_SYS_TIME
If @file{time.h} does not define @code{struct tm}, define
@code{TM_IN_SYS_TIME}, which means that including @file{sys/time.h}
had better define @code{struct tm}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
@acindex STRUCT_TIMEZONE
@cvindex HAVE_TM_ZONE
@cvindex HAVE_TZNAME
Figure out how to get the current timezone.  If @code{struct tm} has a
@code{tm_zone} member, define @code{HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_ZONE} (and the
obsoleted @code{HAVE_TM_ZONE}).  Otherwise, if the external array
@code{tzname} is found, define @code{HAVE_TZNAME}.
@end defmac

@node Generic Structures
@subsection Generic Structure Checks

These macros are used to find structure members not covered by the
``particular'' test macros.

@defmac AC_CHECK_MEMBER (@var{aggregate}.@var{member}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_MEMBER
Check whether @var{member} is a member of the aggregate @var{aggregate}.
If no @var{includes} are specified, the default includes are used
(@pxref{Default Includes}).

@example
AC_CHECK_MEMBER(struct passwd.pw_gecos,,
                [AC_MSG_ERROR([We need `passwd.pw_gecos'!])],
                [#include <pwd.h>])
@end example

You can use this macro for sub-members:

@example
AC_CHECK_MEMBER(struct top.middle.bot)
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_MEMBERS (@var{members}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_MEMBERS
Check for the existence of each @samp{@var{aggregate}.@var{member}} of
@var{members} using the previous macro.  When @var{member} belongs to
@var{aggregate}, define @code{HAVE_@var{aggregate}_@var{member}} (in all
capitals, with spaces and dots replaced by underscores).

This macro uses m4 lists:
@example
AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_rdev, struct stat.st_blksize])
@end example
@end defmac


@node Types
@section Types

The following macros check for C types, either builtin or typedefs.  If
there is no macro specifically defined to check for a type you need, and
you don't need to check for any special properties of it, then you can
use a general type-check macro.

@menu
* Particular Types::            Special handling to find certain types
* Generic Types::               How to find other types
@end menu

@node Particular Types
@subsection Particular Type Checks

These macros check for particular C types in @file{sys/types.h},
@file{stdlib.h} and others, if they exist.

@defmac AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS
@acindex TYPE_GETGROUPS
@cvindex GETGROUPS_T
Define @code{GETGROUPS_T} to be whichever of @code{gid_t} or @code{int}
is the base type of the array argument to @code{getgroups}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TYPE_MBSTATE_T
@acindex TYPE_MBSTATE_T
@cvindex mbstate_t
Define @code{HAVE_MBSTATE_T} if @code{<wchar.h>} declares the
@code{mbstate_t} type.  Also, define @code{mbstate_t} to be a type if
@code{<wchar.h>} does not declare it.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TYPE_MODE_T
@acindex TYPE_MODE_T
@cvindex mode_t
Equivalent to @samp{AC_CHECK_TYPE(mode_t, int)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TYPE_OFF_T
@acindex TYPE_OFF_T
@cvindex off_t
Equivalent to @samp{AC_CHECK_TYPE(off_t, long)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TYPE_PID_T
@acindex TYPE_PID_T
@cvindex pid_t
Equivalent to @samp{AC_CHECK_TYPE(pid_t, int)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TYPE_SIGNAL
@acindex TYPE_SIGNAL
@cvindex RETSIGTYPE
If @file{signal.h} declares @code{signal} as returning a pointer to a
function returning @code{void}, define @code{RETSIGTYPE} to be
@code{void}; otherwise, define it to be @code{int}.

Define signal handlers as returning type @code{RETSIGTYPE}:

@example
@group
RETSIGTYPE
hup_handler ()
@{
@dots{}
@}
@end group
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TYPE_SIZE_T
@acindex TYPE_SIZE_T
@cvindex size_t
Equivalent to @samp{AC_CHECK_TYPE(size_t, unsigned)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TYPE_UID_T
@acindex TYPE_UID_T
@cvindex uid_t
@cvindex gid_t
If @code{uid_t} is not defined, define @code{uid_t} to be @code{int} and
@code{gid_t} to be @code{int}.
@end defmac

@node Generic Types
@subsection Generic Type Checks

These macros are used to check for types not covered by the ``particular''
test macros.

@defmac AC_CHECK_TYPE (@var{type}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_TYPE
Check whether @var{type} is defined.  It may be a compiler builtin type
or defined by the @var{includes} (@pxref{Default Includes}).
@end defmac


@defmac AC_CHECK_TYPES (@var{types}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_TYPES
For each @var{type} of the @var{types} that is defined, define
@code{HAVE_@var{type}} (in all capitals).  If no @var{includes} are
specified, the default includes are used (@pxref{Default Includes}).  If
@var{action-if-found} is given, it is additional shell code to execute
when one of the types is found.  If @var{action-if-not-found} is given,
it is executed when one of the types is not found.

This macro uses m4 lists:
@example
AC_CHECK_TYPES(ptrdiff_t)
AC_CHECK_TYPES([unsigned long long, uintmax_t])
@end example

@end defmac

Autoconf, up to 2.13, used to provide to another version of
@code{AC_CHECK_TYPE}, broken by design.  In order to keep backward
compatibility, a simple heuristics, quite safe but not totally, is
implemented.  In case of doubt, read the documentation of the former
@code{AC_CHECK_TYPE}, see @ref{Obsolete Macros}.


@node Compilers and Preprocessors
@section Compilers and Preprocessors

@ovindex EXEEXT
All the tests for compilers (@code{AC_PROG_CC}, @code{AC_PROG_CXX},
@code{AC_PROG_F77}) define the output variable @code{EXEEXT} based on
the output of the compiler, typically to the empty string if Unix and
@samp{.exe} if Win32 or OS/2.

@ovindex OBJEXT
They also define the output variable @code{OBJEXT} based on the
output of the compiler, after @file{.c} files have been excluded, typically
to @samp{o} if Unix, @samp{obj} if Win32.

If the compiler being used does not produce executables, the tests fail.  If
the executables can't be run, and cross-compilation is not enabled, they
fail too.  @xref{Manual Configuration}, for more on support for cross
compiling.

@menu
* Specific Compiler Characteristics::  Some portability issues
* Generic Compiler Characteristics::  Language independent tests
* C Compiler::                  Checking its characteristics
* C++ Compiler::                Likewise
* Fortran 77 Compiler::         Likewise
@end menu

@node Specific Compiler Characteristics
@subsection Specific Compiler Characteristics

Some compilers exhibit different behaviors.

@table @asis
@item Static/Dynamic Expressions
Autoconf relies on a trick to extract one bit of information from the C
compiler: using negative array sizes.  For instance the following
excerpt of a C source demonstrates how to test whether @samp{int}s are 4
bytes long:

@example
int
main (void)
@{
  static int test_array [sizeof (int) == 4 ? 1 : -1];
  test_array [0] = 0
  return 0;
@}
@end example

@noindent
To our knowledge, there is a single compiler that does not support this
trick: the HP C compilers (the real one, not only the ``bundled'') on
HP-UX 11.00:

@example
$ @kbd{cc -c -Ae +O2 +Onolimit conftest.c}
cc: "conftest.c": error 1879: Variable-length arrays cannot \
    have static storage.
@end example

Autoconf works around this problem by casting @code{sizeof (int)} to
@code{long} before comparing it.
@end table

@node Generic Compiler Characteristics
@subsection Generic Compiler Characteristics

@defmac AC_CHECK_SIZEOF (@var{type}, @ovar{unused}, @dvar{includes, default-includes})
@acindex CHECK_SIZEOF
Define @code{SIZEOF_@var{type}} (@pxref{Standard Symbols}) to be the
size in bytes of @var{type}.  If @samp{type} is unknown, it gets a size
of 0.  If no @var{includes} are specified, the default includes are used
(@pxref{Default Includes}).  If you provide @var{include}, be sure to
include @file{stdio.h} which is required for this macro to run.

This macro now works even when cross-compiling.  The @var{unused}
argument was used when cross-compiling.

For example, the call

@example
AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(int *)
@end example

@noindent
defines @code{SIZEOF_INT_P} to be 8 on DEC Alpha AXP systems.
@end defmac


@node C Compiler
@subsection C Compiler Characteristics

The following macros provide ways to find and exercise a C Compiler.
There are a few constructs that ought to be avoided, but do not deserve
being checked for, since they can easily be worked around.

@table @asis
@item Don't use lines containing solitary backslashes
They tickle a bug in the HP-UX C compiler (checked on HP-UX 10.20,
11.00, and 11i).  Running the compiler on the following source,

@example
#ifdef __STDC__
/\
* A comment with backslash-newlines in it. %@{ %@} *\
\
/
char str[] = "\\
" A string with backslash-newlines in it %@{ %@} \\
"";
char apostrophe = '\\
\
'\
';
#endif
@end example

@noindent
yields

@example
@error{}cpp: "foo.c", line 13: error 4048: Non-terminating comment at end of file.
@error{}cpp: "foo.c", line 13: error 4033: Missing #endif at end of file.
@end example

@noindent
Removing the lines with solitary backslashes solves the problem.

@item Don't compile several files at once if output matters to you
Some compilers, such as the HP's, reports the name of the file it is
compiling @emph{when} they are several.  For instance:

@example
$ @kbd{cc a.c b.c}
a.c:
b.c:
@end example

@noindent
This can cause problems if you observe the output of the compiler to
detect failures.  Invoking @samp{cc -c a.c -o a.o; cc -c b.c -o b.o; cc
a.o b.o -o c} solves the issue.
@end table

@defmac AC_PROG_CC (@ovar{compiler-search-list})
@acindex PROG_CC
@ovindex CC
@ovindex CFLAGS
Determine a C compiler to use.  If @code{CC} is not already set in the
environment, check for @code{gcc} and @code{cc}, then for other C
compilers.  Set output variable @code{CC} to the name of the compiler
found.

This macro may, however, be invoked with an optional first argument
which, if specified, must be a space separated list of C compilers to
search for.  This just gives the user an opportunity to specify an
alternative search list for the C compiler.  For example, if you didn't
like the default order, then you could invoke @code{AC_PROG_CC} like
this:

@example
AC_PROG_CC(cl egcs gcc cc)
@end example

If the C compiler is not in @acronym{ANSI} C mode by default, try to add an
option to output variable @code{CC} to make it so.  This macro tries
various options that select @acronym{ANSI} C on some system or another.  It
considers the compiler to be in @acronym{ANSI} C mode if it handles function
prototypes correctly.

After calling this macro you can check whether the C compiler has been
set to accept @acronym{ANSI} C; if not, the shell variable
@code{ac_cv_prog_cc_stdc} is set to @samp{no}.  If you wrote your source
code in @acronym{ANSI} C, you can make an un-@acronym{ANSI}fied copy of it by
using the program @code{ansi2knr}, which comes with Automake.  See also
under @code{AC_C_PROTOTYPES} below.

If using the @acronym{GNU} C compiler, set shell variable @code{GCC} to
@samp{yes}.  If output variable @code{CFLAGS} was not already set, set
it to @option{-g -O2} for the @acronym{GNU} C compiler (@option{-O2} on systems
where GCC does not accept @option{-g}), or @option{-g} for other compilers.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_CC_C_O
@acindex PROG_CC_C_O
@cvindex NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O
If the C compiler does not accept the @option{-c} and @option{-o} options
simultaneously, define @code{NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O}.  This macro actually
tests both the compiler found by @code{AC_PROG_CC}, and, if different,
the first @code{cc} in the path.  The test fails if one fails.  This
macro was created for @acronym{GNU} Make to choose the default C compilation
rule.
@end defmac


@defmac AC_PROG_CPP
@acindex PROG_CPP
@ovindex CPP
Set output variable @code{CPP} to a command that runs the
C preprocessor.  If @samp{$CC -E} doesn't work, @file{/lib/cpp} is used.
It is only portable to run @code{CPP} on files with a @file{.c}
extension.

Some preprocessors don't indicate missing include files by the error
status.  For such preprocessors an internal variable is set that causes
other macros to check the standard error from the preprocessor and
consider the test failed if any warnings have been reported.
@end defmac


The following macros check for C compiler or machine architecture
features.  To check for characteristics not listed here, use
@code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE} (@pxref{Running the Compiler}) or
@code{AC_RUN_IFELSE} (@pxref{Run Time}).

@defmac AC_C_BACKSLASH_A
@acindex HAVE_C_BACKSLASH_A
Define @samp{HAVE_C_BACKSLASH_A} to 1 if the C compiler understands
@samp{\a}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_BIGENDIAN (@ovar{action-if-true}, @ovar{action-if-false}, @ovar{action-if-unknown})
@acindex C_BIGENDIAN
@cvindex WORDS_BIGENDIAN
@cindex Endianness
If words are stored with the most significant byte first (like Motorola
and SPARC CPUs), execute @var{action-if-true}.  If words are stored with
the least significant byte first (like Intel and VAX CPUs), execute
@var{action-if-false}.

This macro runs a test-case if endianness cannot be determined from the
system header files.  When cross-compiling, the test-case is not run but
grep'ed for some magic values.  @var{action-if-unknown} is executed if
the latter case fails to determine the byte sex of the host system.

The default for @var{action-if-true} is to define
@samp{WORDS_BIGENDIAN}.  The default for @var{action-if-false} is to do
nothing.  And finally, the default for @var{action-if-unknown} is to
abort configure and tell the installer which variable he should preset
to bypass this test.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_CONST
@acindex C_CONST
@cvindex const
If the C compiler does not fully support the @acronym{ANSI} C qualifier
@code{const}, define @code{const} to be empty.  Some C compilers that do
not define @code{__STDC__} do support @code{const}; some compilers that
define @code{__STDC__} do not completely support @code{const}.  Programs
can simply use @code{const} as if every C compiler supported it; for
those that don't, the @file{Makefile} or configuration header file will
define it as empty.

Occasionally installers use a C++ compiler to compile C code, typically
because they lack a C compiler.  This causes problems with @code{const},
because C and C++ treat @code{const} differently.  For example:

@example
const int foo;
@end example

@noindent
is valid in C but not in C++.  These differences unfortunately cannot be
papered over by defining @code{const} to be empty.

If @command{autoconf} detects this situation, it leaves @code{const} alone,
as this generally yields better results in practice.  However, using a
C++ compiler to compile C code is not recommended or supported, and
installers who run into trouble in this area should get a C compiler
like GCC to compile their C code.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_VOLATILE
@acindex C_VOLATILE
@cvindex volatile
If the C compiler does not understand the keyword @code{volatile},
define @code{volatile} to be empty.  Programs can simply use
@code{volatile} as if every C compiler supported it; for those that do
not, the @file{Makefile} or configuration header will define it as
empty.

If the correctness of your program depends on the semantics of
@code{volatile}, simply defining it to be empty does, in a sense, break
your code.  However, given that the compiler does not support
@code{volatile}, you are at its mercy anyway.  At least your
program will compile, when it wouldn't before.

In general, the @code{volatile} keyword is a feature of @acronym{ANSI} C, so
you might expect that @code{volatile} is available only when
@code{__STDC__} is defined.  However, Ultrix 4.3's native compiler does
support volatile, but does not defined @code{__STDC__}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_INLINE
@acindex C_INLINE
@cvindex inline
If the C compiler supports the keyword @code{inline}, do nothing.
Otherwise define @code{inline} to @code{__inline__} or @code{__inline}
if it accepts one of those, otherwise define @code{inline} to be empty.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
@acindex C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
@cvindex __CHAR_UNSIGNED__
If the C type @code{char} is unsigned, define @code{__CHAR_UNSIGNED__},
unless the C compiler predefines it.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_LONG_DOUBLE
@acindex C_LONG_DOUBLE
@cvindex HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE
If the C compiler supports a working @code{long double} type with more
range or precision than the @code{double} type, define
@code{HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_STRINGIZE
@acindex C_STRINGIZE
@cvindex HAVE_STRINGIZE
If the C preprocessor supports the stringizing operator, define
@code{HAVE_STRINGIZE}.  The stringizing operator is @samp{#} and is
found in macros such as this:

@example
#define x(y) #y
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_PROTOTYPES
@acindex C_PROTOTYPES
@cvindex PROTOTYPES
@cvindex __PROTOTYPES
@cvindex PARAMS
If function prototypes are understood by the compiler (as determined by
@code{AC_PROG_CC}), define @code{PROTOTYPES} and @code{__PROTOTYPES}.
In the case the compiler does not handle
prototypes, you should use @code{ansi2knr}, which comes with the
Automake distribution, to unprotoize function definitions.  For
function prototypes, you should first define @code{PARAMS}:

@example
#ifndef PARAMS
# if PROTOTYPES
#  define PARAMS(protos) protos
# else /* no PROTOTYPES */
#  define PARAMS(protos) ()
# endif /* no PROTOTYPES */
#endif
@end example

@noindent
then use it this way:

@example
size_t my_strlen PARAMS ((const char *));
@end example
@end defmac

This macro also defines @code{__PROTOTYPES}; this is for the benefit of
header files that cannot use macros that infringe on user name space.

@defmac AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
@acindex PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
@ovindex CC
Add @option{-traditional} to output variable @code{CC} if using the
@acronym{GNU} C compiler and @code{ioctl} does not work properly without
@option{-traditional}.  That usually happens when the fixed header files
have not been installed on an old system.  Since recent versions of the
@acronym{GNU} C compiler fix the header files automatically when installed,
this is becoming a less prevalent problem.
@end defmac


@node C++ Compiler
@subsection C++ Compiler Characteristics


@defmac AC_PROG_CXX (@ovar{compiler-search-list})
@acindex PROG_CXX
@ovindex CXX
@ovindex CXXFLAGS
Determine a C++ compiler to use.  Check if the environment variable
@code{CXX} or @code{CCC} (in that order) is set; if so, then set output
variable @code{CXX} to its value.

Otherwise, if the macro is invoked without an argument, then search for
a C++ compiler under the likely names (first @code{g++} and @code{c++}
then other names).  If none of those checks succeed, then as a last
resort set @code{CXX} to @code{g++}.

This macro may, however, be invoked with an optional first argument
which, if specified, must be a space separated list of C++ compilers to
search for.  This just gives the user an opportunity to specify an
alternative search list for the C++ compiler.  For example, if you
didn't like the default order, then you could invoke @code{AC_PROG_CXX}
like this:

@example
AC_PROG_CXX(cl KCC CC cxx cc++ xlC aCC c++ g++ egcs gcc)
@end example

If using the @acronym{GNU} C++ compiler, set shell variable @code{GXX} to
@samp{yes}.  If output variable @code{CXXFLAGS} was not already set, set
it to @option{-g -O2} for the @acronym{GNU} C++ compiler (@option{-O2} on
systems where G++ does not accept @option{-g}), or @option{-g} for other
compilers.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_CXXCPP
@acindex PROG_CXXCPP
@ovindex CXXCPP
Set output variable @code{CXXCPP} to a command that runs the C++
preprocessor.  If @samp{$CXX -E} doesn't work, @file{/lib/cpp} is used.
It is only portable to run @code{CXXCPP} on files with a @file{.c},
@file{.C}, or @file{.cc} extension.

Some preprocessors don't indicate missing include files by the error
status.  For such preprocessors an internal variable is set that causes
other macros to check the standard error from the preprocessor and
consider the test failed if any warnings have been reported.  However,
it is not known whether such broken preprocessors exist for C++.
@end defmac



@node Fortran 77 Compiler
@subsection Fortran 77 Compiler Characteristics

@defmac AC_PROG_F77 (@ovar{compiler-search-list})
@acindex PROG_FORTRAN
@ovindex F77
@ovindex FFLAGS
Determine a Fortran 77 compiler to use.  If @code{F77} is not already
set in the environment, then check for @code{g77} and @code{f77}, and
then some other names.  Set the output variable @code{F77} to the name
of the compiler found.

This macro may, however, be invoked with an optional first argument
which, if specified, must be a space separated list of Fortran 77
compilers to search for.  This just gives the user an opportunity to
specify an alternative search list for the Fortran 77 compiler.  For
example, if you didn't like the default order, then you could invoke
@code{AC_PROG_F77} like this:

@example
AC_PROG_F77(fl32 f77 fort77 xlf g77 f90 xlf90)
@end example

If using @code{g77} (the @acronym{GNU} Fortran 77 compiler), then
@code{AC_PROG_F77} will set the shell variable @code{G77} to @samp{yes}.
If the output variable @code{FFLAGS} was not already set in the
environment, then set it to @option{-g -02} for @code{g77} (or @option{-O2}
where @code{g77} does not accept @option{-g}).  Otherwise, set
@code{FFLAGS} to @option{-g} for all other Fortran 77 compilers.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_F77_C_O
@acindex PROG_F77_C_O
@cvindex F77_NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O
Test if the Fortran 77 compiler accepts the options @option{-c} and
@option{-o} simultaneously, and define @code{F77_NO_MINUS_C_MINUS_O} if it
does not.
@end defmac


The following macros check for Fortran 77 compiler characteristics.  To
check for characteristics not listed here, use @code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE}
(@pxref{Running the Compiler}) or @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE} (@pxref{Run
Time}), making sure to first set the current language to Fortran 77
@code{AC_LANG(Fortran 77)} (@pxref{Language Choice}).


@defmac AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS
@acindex F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS
@ovindex FLIBS
Determine the linker flags (e.g., @option{-L} and @option{-l}) for the
@dfn{Fortran 77 intrinsic and run-time libraries} that are required to
successfully link a Fortran 77 program or shared library.  The output
variable @code{FLIBS} is set to these flags.

This macro is intended to be used in those situations when it is
necessary to mix, e.g., C++ and Fortran 77 source code into a single
program or shared library (@pxref{Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++,,,
automake, @acronym{GNU} Automake}).

For example, if object files from a C++ and Fortran 77 compiler must be
linked together, then the C++ compiler/linker must be used for linking
(since special C++-ish things need to happen at link time like calling
global constructors, instantiating templates, enabling exception
support, etc.).

However, the Fortran 77 intrinsic and run-time libraries must be linked
in as well, but the C++ compiler/linker doesn't know by default how to
add these Fortran 77 libraries.  Hence, the macro
@code{AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS} was created to determine these Fortran 77
libraries.

The macro @code{AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN} or @code{AC_F77_MAIN} will probably
also be necessary to link C/C++ with Fortran; see below.
@end defmac


@defmac AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN (@ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex F77_DUMMY_MAIN
@cvindex F77_DUMMY_MAIN
With many compilers, the Fortran libraries detected by
@code{AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS} provide their own @code{main} entry
function that initializes things like Fortran I/O, and which then calls
a user-provided entry function named (say) @code{MAIN__} to run the
user's program.  The @code{AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN} or @code{AC_F77_MAIN}
macro figures out how to deal with this interaction.

When using Fortran for purely numerical functions (no I/O, etc.)@: often one
prefers to provide one's own @code{main} and skip the Fortran library
initializations.  In this case, however, one may still need to provide a
dummy @code{MAIN__} routine in order to prevent linking errors on some
systems.  @code{AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN} detects whether any such routine is
@emph{required} for linking, and what its name is; the shell variable
@code{F77_DUMMY_MAIN} holds this name, @code{unknown} when no solution
was found, and @code{none} when no such dummy main is needed.

By default, @var{action-if-found} defines @code{F77_DUMMY_MAIN} to the
name of this routine (e.g., @code{MAIN__}) @emph{if} it is required.
@ovar{action-if-not-found} defaults to exiting with an error.

In order to link with Fortran routines, the user's C/C++ program should
then include the following code to define the dummy main if it is
needed:

@example
#ifdef F77_DUMMY_MAIN
#  ifdef __cplusplus
     extern "C"
#  endif
   int F77_DUMMY_MAIN() @{ return 1; @}
#endif
@end example

Note that @code{AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN} is called automatically from
@code{AC_F77_WRAPPERS}; there is generally no need to call it explicitly
unless one wants to change the default actions.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_F77_MAIN
@acindex F77_MAIN
@cvindex F77_MAIN
As discussed above for @code{AC_F77_DUMMY_MAIN}, many Fortran libraries
allow you to provide an entry point called (say) @code{MAIN__} instead of
the usual @code{main}, which is then called by a @code{main} function in
the Fortran libraries that initializes things like Fortran I/O.  The
@code{AC_F77_MAIN} macro detects whether it is @emph{possible} to
utilize such an alternate main function, and defines @code{F77_MAIN} to
the name of the function.  (If no alternate main function name is found,
@code{F77_MAIN} is simply defined to @code{main}.)

Thus, when calling Fortran routines from C that perform things like I/O,
one should use this macro and name the "main" function @code{F77_MAIN}
instead of @code{main}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_F77_WRAPPERS
@acindex F77_WRAPPERS
@cvindex F77_FUNC
@cvindex F77_FUNC_
Defines C macros @code{F77_FUNC(name,NAME)} and
@code{F77_FUNC_(name,NAME)} to properly mangle the names of C/C++
identifiers, and identifiers with underscores, respectively, so that
they match the name-mangling scheme used by the Fortran 77 compiler.

Fortran 77 is case-insensitive, and in order to achieve this the Fortran
77 compiler converts all identifiers into a canonical case and format.
To call a Fortran 77 subroutine from C or to write a C function that is
callable from Fortran 77, the C program must explicitly use identifiers
in the format expected by the Fortran 77 compiler.  In order to do this,
one simply wraps all C identifiers in one of the macros provided by
@code{AC_F77_WRAPPERS}.  For example, suppose you have the following
Fortran 77 subroutine:

@example
      subroutine foobar(x,y)
      double precision x, y
      y = 3.14159 * x
      return
      end
@end example

You would then declare its prototype in C or C++ as:

@example
#define FOOBAR_F77 F77_FUNC(foobar,FOOBAR)
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"  /* prevent C++ name mangling */
#endif
void FOOBAR_F77(double *x, double *y);
@end example

Note that we pass both the lowercase and uppercase versions of the
function name to @code{F77_FUNC} so that it can select the right one.
Note also that all parameters to Fortran 77 routines are passed as
pointers (@pxref{Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++,,, automake, @acronym{GNU}
Automake}).

Although Autoconf tries to be intelligent about detecting the
name-mangling scheme of the Fortran 77 compiler, there may be Fortran 77
compilers that it doesn't support yet.  In this case, the above code
will generate a compile-time error, but some other behavior
(e.g., disabling Fortran-related features) can be induced by checking
whether the @code{F77_FUNC} macro is defined.

Now, to call that routine from a C program, we would do something like:

@example
@{
    double x = 2.7183, y;
    FOOBAR_F77(&x, &y);
@}
@end example

If the Fortran 77 identifier contains an underscore
(e.g., @code{foo_bar}), you should use @code{F77_FUNC_} instead of
@code{F77_FUNC} (with the same arguments).  This is because some Fortran
77 compilers mangle names differently if they contain an underscore.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_F77_FUNC (@var{name}, @ovar{shellvar})
@acindex F77_FUNC
Given an identifier @var{name}, set the shell variable @var{shellvar} to
hold the mangled version @var{name} according to the rules of the
Fortran 77 linker (see also @code{AC_F77_WRAPPERS}).  @var{shellvar} is
optional; if it is not supplied, the shell variable will be simply
@var{name}.  The purpose of this macro is to give the caller a way to
access the name-mangling information other than through the C
preprocessor as above, for example, to call Fortran routines from some
language other than C/C++.
@end defmac

@node System Services
@section System Services

The following macros check for operating system services or capabilities.

@defmac AC_PATH_X
@acindex PATH_X
Try to locate the X Window System include files and libraries.  If the
user gave the command line options @option{--x-includes=@var{dir}} and
@option{--x-libraries=@var{dir}}, use those directories.  If either or
both were not given, get the missing values by running @code{xmkmf} on a
trivial @file{Imakefile} and examining the @file{Makefile} that it
produces.  If that fails (such as if @code{xmkmf} is not present), look
for the files in several directories where they often reside.  If either
method is successful, set the shell variables @code{x_includes} and
@code{x_libraries} to their locations, unless they are in directories
the compiler searches by default.

If both methods fail, or the user gave the command line option
@option{--without-x}, set the shell variable @code{no_x} to @samp{yes};
otherwise set it to the empty string.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PATH_XTRA
@acindex PATH_XTRA
@ovindex X_CFLAGS
@ovindex X_LIBS
@ovindex X_EXTRA_LIBS
@ovindex X_PRE_LIBS
@cvindex X_DISPLAY_MISSING
An enhanced version of @code{AC_PATH_X}.  It adds the C compiler flags
that X needs to output variable @code{X_CFLAGS}, and the X linker flags
to @code{X_LIBS}.  Define @code{X_DISPLAY_MISSING} if X is not
available.

This macro also checks for special libraries that some systems need in
order to compile X programs.  It adds any that the system needs to
output variable @code{X_EXTRA_LIBS}.  And it checks for special X11R6
libraries that need to be linked with before @option{-lX11}, and adds
any found to the output variable @code{X_PRE_LIBS}.

@c This is an incomplete kludge.  Make a real way to do it.
@c If you need to check for other X functions or libraries yourself, then
@c after calling this macro, add the contents of @code{X_EXTRA_LIBS} to
@c @code{LIBS} temporarily, like this: (FIXME - add example)
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SYS_INTERPRETER
@acindex SYS_INTERPRETER
Check whether the system supports starting scripts with a line of the
form @samp{#! /bin/csh} to select the interpreter to use for the script.
After running this macro, shell code in @file{configure.ac} can check
the shell variable @code{interpval}; it will be set to @samp{yes}
if the system supports @samp{#!}, @samp{no} if not.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
@acindex SYS_LARGEFILE
@cvindex _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
@cvindex _LARGE_FILES
@ovindex CC
Arrange for
@href{http://www.sas.com/standards/large.file/x_open.20Mar96.html,
large-file support}.  On some hosts, one must use special compiler
options to build programs that can access large files.  Append any such
options to the output variable @code{CC}.  Define
@code{_FILE_OFFSET_BITS} and @code{_LARGE_FILES} if necessary.

Large-file support can be disabled by configuring with the
@option{--disable-largefile} option.

If you use this macro, check that your program works even when
@code{off_t} is longer than @code{long}, since this is common when
large-file support is enabled.  For example, it is not correct to print
an arbitrary @code{off_t} value @code{X} with @code{printf ("%ld",
(long) X)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SYS_LONG_FILE_NAMES
@acindex SYS_LONG_FILE_NAMES
@cvindex HAVE_LONG_FILE_NAMES
If the system supports file names longer than 14 characters, define
@code{HAVE_LONG_FILE_NAMES}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS
@acindex SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS
@cindex POSIX termios headers
@cindex termios POSIX headers
Check to see if the POSIX termios headers and functions are available on the
system.  If so, set the shell variable @code{ac_cv_sys_posix_termios} to
@samp{yes}.  If not, set the variable to @samp{no}.
@end defmac

@node UNIX Variants
@section UNIX Variants

The following macros check for certain operating systems that need
special treatment for some programs, due to exceptional oddities in
their header files or libraries.  These macros are warts; they will be
replaced by a more systematic approach, based on the functions they make
available or the environments they provide.

@defmac AC_AIX
@acindex AIX
@cvindex _ALL_SOURCE
If on @acronym{AIX}, define @code{_ALL_SOURCE}.  Allows the use of some @acronym{BSD}
functions.  Should be called before any macros that run the C compiler.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_GNU_SOURCE
@acindex GNU_SOURCE
@cvindex _GNU_SOURCE
If using the @acronym{GNU} C library, define @code{_GNU_SOURCE}.
Allows the use of some @acronym{GNU} functions.  Should be called
before any macros that run the C compiler.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_ISC_POSIX
@acindex ISC_POSIX
@ovindex LIBS
For @sc{interactive unix} (@acronym{ISC}), add @option{-lcposix} to output
variable @code{LIBS} if necessary for @acronym{POSIX} facilities.  Call this
after @code{AC_PROG_CC} and before any other macros that use @acronym{POSIX}
interfaces.  @sc{interactive unix} is no longer sold, and Sun says that
they will drop support for it on 2006-07-23, so this macro is becoming
obsolescent.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MINIX
@acindex MINIX
@cvindex _MINIX
@cvindex _POSIX_SOURCE
@cvindex _POSIX_1_SOURCE
If on Minix, define @code{_MINIX} and @code{_POSIX_SOURCE} and define
@code{_POSIX_1_SOURCE} to be 2.  This allows the use of @acronym{POSIX}
facilities.  Should be called before any macros that run the C compiler.
@end defmac




@c ========================================================= Writing Tests

@node Writing Tests
@chapter Writing Tests

If the existing feature tests don't do something you need, you have to
write new ones.  These macros are the building blocks.  They provide
ways for other macros to check whether various kinds of features are
available and report the results.

This chapter contains some suggestions and some of the reasons why the
existing tests are written the way they are.  You can also learn a lot
about how to write Autoconf tests by looking at the existing ones.  If
something goes wrong in one or more of the Autoconf tests, this
information can help you understand the assumptions behind them, which
might help you figure out how to best solve the problem.

These macros check the output of the compiler system of the current
language (@pxref{Language Choice}).  They do not cache the results of
their tests for future use (@pxref{Caching Results}), because they don't
know enough about the information they are checking for to generate a
cache variable name.  They also do not print any messages, for the same
reason.  The checks for particular kinds of features call these macros
and do cache their results and print messages about what they're
checking for.

When you write a feature test that could be applicable to more than one
software package, the best thing to do is encapsulate it in a new macro.
@xref{Writing Autoconf Macros}, for how to do that.

@menu
* Language Choice::             Selecting which language to use for testing
* Writing Test Programs::       Forging source files for compilers
* Running the Preprocessor::    Detecting preprocessor symbols
* Running the Compiler::        Detecting language or header features
* Running the Linker::          Detecting library features
* Run Time::                    Testing for run-time features
* Systemology::                 A zoology of operating systems
* Multiple Cases::              Tests for several possible values
@end menu

@node Language Choice
@section Language Choice
@cindex Language

Autoconf-generated @command{configure} scripts check for the C compiler and
its features by default.  Packages that use other programming languages
(maybe more than one, e.g., C and C++) need to test features of the
compilers for the respective languages.  The following macros determine
which programming language is used in the subsequent tests in
@file{configure.ac}.

@defmac AC_LANG (@var{language})
Do compilation tests using the compiler, preprocessor, and file
extensions for the specified @var{language}.

Supported languages are:

@table @samp
@item C
Do compilation tests using @code{CC} and @code{CPP} and use extension
@file{.c} for test programs.

@item C++
Do compilation tests using @code{CXX} and @code{CXXCPP} and use
extension @file{.C} for test programs.

@item Fortran 77
Do compilation tests using @code{F77} and use extension @file{.f} for
test programs.
@end table
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_PUSH (@var{language})
@acindex LANG_PUSH
Remember the current language (as set by @code{AC_LANG}) on a stack, and
then select the @var{language}.  Use this macro and @code{AC_LANG_POP}
in macros that need to temporarily switch to a particular language.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_POP (@ovar{language})
@acindex LANG_POP
Select the language that is saved on the top of the stack, as set by
@code{AC_LANG_PUSH}, and remove it from the stack.

If given, @var{language} specifies the language we just @emph{quit}.  It
is a good idea to specify it when it's known (which should be the
case@dots{}), since Autoconf will detect inconsistencies.

@example
AC_LANG_PUSH(Fortran 77)
# Perform some tests on Fortran 77.
# @dots{}
AC_LANG_POP(Fortran 77)
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_REQUIRE_CPP
@acindex REQUIRE_CPP
Ensure that whichever preprocessor would currently be used for tests has
been found.  Calls @code{AC_REQUIRE} (@pxref{Prerequisite Macros}) with an
argument of either @code{AC_PROG_CPP} or @code{AC_PROG_CXXCPP},
depending on which language is current.
@end defmac


@node Writing Test Programs
@section Writing Test Programs

Autoconf tests follow is common scheme: feeding some program with some
input, and most of the time, feeding a compiler with some source file.
This section is dedicated to these source samples.

@menu
* Guidelines::                  General rules for writing test programs
* Test Functions::              Avoiding pitfalls in test programs
* Generating Sources::          Source program boilerplate
@end menu

@node Guidelines
@subsection Guidelines for Test Programs

The most important rule to follow when writing testing samples is:

@center @emph{Look for realism.}

This motto means that testing samples must be written with the same
strictness as real programs are written.  In particular, you should
avoid ``shortcuts'' and simplifications.

Don't just play with the preprocessor if you want to prepare a
compilation.  For instance, using @command{cpp} to check if a header is
functional might let your @command{configure} accept a header which will
cause some @emph{compiler} error.  Do not hesitate checking header with
other headers included before, especially required headers.

Make sure the symbols you use are properly defined, i.e., refrain for
simply declaring a function yourself instead of including the proper
header.

Test programs should not write anything to the standard output.  They
should return 0 if the test succeeds, nonzero otherwise, so that success
can be distinguished easily from a core dump or other failure;
segmentation violations and other failures produce a nonzero exit
status.  Test programs should @code{exit}, not @code{return}, from
@code{main}, because on some systems (old Suns, at least) the argument
to @code{return} in @code{main} is ignored.

Test programs can use @code{#if} or @code{#ifdef} to check the values of
preprocessor macros defined by tests that have already run.  For
example, if you call @code{AC_HEADER_STDC}, then later on in
@file{configure.ac} you can have a test program that includes an
@acronym{ANSI} C header file conditionally:

@example
@group
#if STDC_HEADERS
# include <stdlib.h>
#endif
@end group
@end example

If a test program needs to use or create a data file, give it a name
that starts with @file{conftest}, such as @file{conftest.data}.  The
@command{configure} script cleans up by running @samp{rm -rf conftest*}
after running test programs and if the script is interrupted.

@node Test Functions
@subsection Test Functions

Function declarations in test programs should have a prototype
conditionalized for C++.  In practice, though, test programs rarely need
functions that take arguments.

@example
#ifdef __cplusplus
foo (int i)
#else
foo (i) int i;
#endif
@end example

Functions that test programs declare should also be conditionalized for
C++, which requires @samp{extern "C"} prototypes.  Make sure to not
include any header files containing clashing prototypes.

@example
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" void *malloc (size_t);
#else
void *malloc ();
#endif
@end example

If a test program calls a function with invalid parameters (just to see
whether it exists), organize the program to ensure that it never invokes
that function.  You can do this by calling it in another function that is
never invoked.  You can't do it by putting it after a call to
@code{exit}, because GCC version 2 knows that @code{exit} never returns
and optimizes out any code that follows it in the same block.

If you include any header files, be sure to call the functions
relevant to them with the correct number of arguments, even if they are
just 0, to avoid compilation errors due to prototypes.  GCC version 2
has internal prototypes for several functions that it automatically
inlines; for example, @code{memcpy}.  To avoid errors when checking for
them, either pass them the correct number of arguments or redeclare them
with a different return type (such as @code{char}).


@node Generating Sources
@subsection Generating Sources

Autoconf provides a set of macros that can be used to generate test
source files.  They are written to be language generic, i.e., they
actually depend on the current language (@pxref{Language Choice}) to
``format'' the output properly.


@defmac AC_LANG_CONFTEST (@var{source})
@acindex LANG_CONFTEST
Save the @var{source} text in the current test source file:
@file{conftest.@var{extension}} where the @var{extension} depends on the
current language.

Note that the @var{source} is evaluated exactly once, like regular
Autoconf macro arguments, and therefore (i) you may pass a macro
invocation, (ii) if not, be sure to double quote if needed.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_SOURCE (@var{source})
@acindex LANG_SOURCE
Expands into the @var{source}, with proper definition of the current
location (e.g., @samp{#line 1234 "configure"} in C), and definition of
all the @code{AC_DEFINE} performed so far.
@end defmac

For instance executing (observe the double quotation!):

@example
AC_INIT(Autoconf Documentation, @value{VERSION}, bug-autoconf@@gnu.org)
AC_DEFINE([HELLO_WORLD], ["Hello, World\n"])
AC_LANG_CONFTEST(
   [AC_LANG_SOURCE([[const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";]])])
gcc -E -dD conftest.c -o -
@end example

@noindent
results in:

@example
# 1 "conftest.c"
# 1169 "configure"

# 1 "confdefs.h" 1

#define PACKAGE_NAME "Autoconf Documentation"
#define PACKAGE_TARNAME "autoconf-documentation"
#define PACKAGE_VERSION "@value{VERSION}"
#define PACKAGE_STRING "Autoconf Documentation @value{VERSION}"
#define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "bug-autoconf@@gnu.org"
#define HELLO_WORLD "Hello, World\n"
# 1170 "configure" 2

const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";
@end example

@defmac AC_LANG_PROGRAM (@var{prologue}, @var{body})
@acindex LANG_PROGRAM
Expands into a source file which consists of the @var{prologue}, and
then @var{body} as body of the main function (e.g., @code{main} in
C).  Since it uses @code{AC_LANG_SOURCE}, the feature of the latter are
available.
@end defmac

For instance:

@example
AC_INIT(Autoconf Documentation, @value{VERSION}, bug-autoconf@@gnu.org)
AC_DEFINE([HELLO_WORLD], ["Hello, World\n"])
AC_LANG_CONFTEST(
[AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";]],
                 [[fputs (hw, stdout);]])])
gcc -E -dD conftest.c -o -
@end example

@noindent
results in:

@example
# 1 "conftest.c"
# 1169 "configure"

# 1 "confdefs.h" 1

#define PACKAGE_NAME "Autoconf Documentation"
#define PACKAGE_TARNAME "autoconf-documentation"
#define PACKAGE_VERSION "@value{VERSION}"
#define PACKAGE_STRING "Autoconf Documentation @value{VERSION}"
#define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "bug-autoconf@@gnu.org"
#define HELLO_WORLD "Hello, World\n"
# 1170 "configure" 2

const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";
int
main ()
@{
fputs (hw, stdout);
  ;
  return 0;
@}
@end example


@defmac AC_LANG_CALL (@var{prologue}, @var{function})
@acindex LANG_CALL
Expands into a source file which consists of the @var{prologue}, and
then a call to the @var{function} as body of the main function (e.g.,
@code{main} in C).  Since it uses @code{AC_LANG_PROGRAMS}, the feature
of the latter are available.

This function will probably be replaced in the feature by a version
which would enable specifying the arguments.  The use of this macro is
not encouraged, as it violates strongly the typing system.
@end defmac


@defmac AC_LANG_FUNC_LINK_TRY (@var{function})
@acindex LANG_FUNC_LINK_TRY
Expands into a source file which consists of a pseudo use of the
@var{function} as body of the main function (e.g., @code{main} in C): a
simple (function pointer) assignment.  Since it uses
@code{AC_LANG_PROGRAMS}, the feature of the latter are available.

As @code{AC_LANG_CALL}, this macro is documented only for completeness.
It is considered to be severely broken, and in the future will be
removed in favor of actual function calls (with properly typed
arguments).
@end defmac

@node Running the Preprocessor
@section Running the Preprocessor

Sometimes one might need to run the preprocessor on some source file.
@emph{Usually it is a bad idea}, as you typically need to @emph{compile}
your project, not merely run the preprocessor on it; therefore you
certainly want to run the compiler, not the preprocessor.  Resist to the
temptation of following the easiest path.

Nevertheless, if you need to run the preprocessor, then use
@code{AC_PREPROC_IFELSE}.

@defmac AC_PREPROC_IFELSE (@var{input}, @ovar{action-if-true}, @ovar{action-if-false})
@acindex PREPROC_IFELSE
Run the preprocessor of the current language (@pxref{Language Choice})
on the @var{input}, run the shell commands @var{action-if-true} on
success, @var{action-if-false} otherwise.  The @var{input} can be made
by @code{AC_LANG_PROGRAM} and friends.

This macro uses @code{CPPFLAGS}, but not @code{CFLAGS}, because
@option{-g}, @option{-O}, etc.@: are not valid options to many C
preprocessors.

It is customary to report unexpected failures with
@code{AC_MSG_FAILURE}.
@end defmac

For instance:

@example
AC_INIT(Autoconf Documentation, @value{VERSION}, bug-autoconf@@gnu.org)
AC_DEFINE([HELLO_WORLD], ["Hello, World\n"])
AC_PREPROC_IFELSE(
   [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[const char hw[] = "Hello, World\n";]],
                    [[fputs (hw, stdout);]])],
   [AC_MSG_RESULT([OK])],
   [AC_MSG_FAILURE([unexpected preprocessor failure])])
@end example

@noindent
results in:

@example
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables...
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
OK
@end example

@sp 1

The macro @code{AC_TRY_CPP} (@pxref{Obsolete Macros}) used to play the
role of @code{AC_PREPROC_IFELSE}, but double quotes its argument, making
it impossible to use it to ellaborate sources.  You are encouraged to
get rid of your old use of the macro @code{AC_TRY_CPP} in favor of
@code{AC_PREPROC_IFELSE}, but, in the first place, are you sure you need
to run the @emph{preprocessor} and not the compiler?

@defmac AC_EGREP_HEADER (@var{pattern}, @var{header-file}, @var{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex EGREP_HEADER
If the output of running the preprocessor on the system header file
@var{header-file} matches the extended regular expression
@var{pattern}, execute shell commands @var{action-if-found}, otherwise
execute @var{action-if-not-found}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_EGREP_CPP (@var{pattern}, @var{program}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex EGREP_CPP
@var{program} is the text of a C or C++ program, on which shell
variable, back quote, and backslash substitutions are performed.  If the
output of running the preprocessor on @var{program} matches the
extended regular expression @var{pattern}, execute shell commands
@var{action-if-found}, otherwise execute @var{action-if-not-found}.
@end defmac



@node Running the Compiler
@section Running the Compiler

To check for a syntax feature of the (C, C++, or Fortran 77) compiler,
such as whether it recognizes a certain keyword, or simply to try some
library feature, use @code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE} to try to compile a small
program that uses that feature.


@defmac AC_COMPILE_IFELSE (@var{input}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex COMPILE_IFELSE
Run the compiler of the current language (@pxref{Language Choice}) on
the @var{input}, run the shell commands @var{action-if-true} on success,
@var{action-if-false} otherwise.  The @var{input} can be made by
@code{AC_LANG_PROGRAM} and friends.

This macro uses @code{CFLAGS} or @code{CXXFLAGS} if either C or C++ is
the currently selected language, as well as @code{CPPFLAGS}, when
compiling.  If Fortran 77 is the currently selected language then
@code{FFLAGS} will be used when compiling.

It is customary to report unexpected failures with
@code{AC_MSG_FAILURE}.  This macro does not try to link; use
@code{AC_LINK_IFELSE} if you need to do that (@pxref{Running the
Linker}).
@end defmac

@node Running the Linker
@section Running the Linker

To check for a library, a function, or a global variable, Autoconf
@command{configure} scripts try to compile and link a small program that
uses it.  This is unlike Metaconfig, which by default uses @code{nm} or
@code{ar} on the C library to try to figure out which functions are
available.  Trying to link with the function is usually a more reliable
approach because it avoids dealing with the variations in the options
and output formats of @code{nm} and @code{ar} and in the location of the
standard libraries.  It also allows configuring for cross-compilation or
checking a function's run-time behavior if needed.  On the other hand,
it can be slower than scanning the libraries once, but accuracy is more
important than speed.

@code{AC_LINK_IFELSE} is used to compile test programs to test for
functions and global variables.  It is also used by @code{AC_CHECK_LIB}
to check for libraries (@pxref{Libraries}), by adding the library being
checked for to @code{LIBS} temporarily and trying to link a small
program.


@defmac AC_LINK_IFELSE (@var{input}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex LINK_IFELSE
Run the compiler and the linker of the current language (@pxref{Language
Choice}) on the @var{input}, run the shell commands @var{action-if-true}
on success, @var{action-if-false} otherwise.  The @var{input} can be made
by @code{AC_LANG_PROGRAM} and friends.

This macro uses @code{CFLAGS} or @code{CXXFLAGS} if either C or C++ is
the currently selected language, as well as @code{CPPFLAGS}, when
compiling.  If Fortran 77 is the currently selected language then
@code{FFLAGS} will be used when compiling.

It is customary to report unexpected failures with
@code{AC_MSG_FAILURE}.  This macro does not try to execute the program;
use @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE} if you need to do that (@pxref{Run Time}).
@end defmac



@node Run Time
@section Checking Run Time Behavior

Sometimes you need to find out how a system performs at run time, such
as whether a given function has a certain capability or bug.  If you
can, make such checks when your program runs instead of when it is
configured.  You can check for things like the machine's endianness when
your program initializes itself.

If you really need to test for a run-time behavior while configuring,
you can write a test program to determine the result, and compile and
run it using @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE}.  Avoid running test programs if
possible, because this prevents people from configuring your package for
cross-compiling.

@defmac AC_RUN_IFELSE (@var{input}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @ovar{action-if-cross-compiling})
@acindex RUN_IFELSE
If @var{program} compiles and links successfully and returns an exit
status of 0 when executed, run shell commands @var{action-if-true}.
Otherwise, run shell commands @var{action-if-false}.

The @var{input} can be made by @code{AC_LANG_PROGRAM} and friends.  This
macro uses @code{CFLAGS} or @code{CXXFLAGS}, @code{CPPFLAGS},
@code{LDFLAGS}, and @code{LIBS}

If the compiler being used does not produce executables that run on the
system where @command{configure} is being run, then the test program is
not run.  If the optional shell commands @var{action-if-cross-compiling}
are given, they are run instead.  Otherwise, @command{configure} prints
an error message and exits.

In the @var{action-if-false} section, the exit status of the program is
available in the shell variable @samp{$?}, but be very careful to limit
yourself to positive values smaller than 127; bigger values should be
saved into a file by the @var{program}.  Note also that you have simply
no guarantee that this exit status is issued by the @var{program}, or by
the failure of its compilation.  In other words, use this feature if
sadist only, it was reestablished because the Autoconf maintainers grew
tired of receiving ``bug reports''.

It is customary to report unexpected failures with
@code{AC_MSG_FAILURE}.
@end defmac

Try to provide a pessimistic default value to use when cross-compiling
makes run-time tests impossible.  You do this by passing the optional
last argument to @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE}.  @command{autoconf} prints a
warning message when creating @command{configure} each time it
encounters a call to @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE} with no
@var{action-if-cross-compiling} argument given.  You may ignore the
warning, though users will not be able to configure your package for
cross-compiling.  A few of the macros distributed with Autoconf produce
this warning message.

To configure for cross-compiling you can also choose a value for those
parameters based on the canonical system name (@pxref{Manual
Configuration}).  Alternatively, set up a test results cache file with
the correct values for the host system (@pxref{Caching Results}).

To provide a default for calls of @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE} that are embedded
in other macros, including a few of the ones that come with Autoconf,
you can test whether the shell variable @code{cross_compiling} is set to
@samp{yes}, and then use an alternate method to get the results instead
of calling the macros.


@node Systemology
@section Systemology

This section aims at presenting some systems and pointers to
documentation.  It may help you addressing particular problems reported
by users.

The @href{http://bhami.com/rosetta.html, Rosetta Stone for Unix}
contains a lot of interesting crossed information on various Unices.

@table @asis
@item Darwin
@cindex Darwin
Darwin is also known as Mac OS X.  Beware that the file system @emph{can} be
case-preserving, but case insensitive.  This can cause nasty problems,
since for instance the installation attempt for a package having an
@file{INSTALL} file can result in @samp{make install} report that
nothing was to be done!

That's all dependent on whether the file system is a UFS (case
sensitive) or HFS+ (case preserving).  By default Apple wants you to
install the OS on HFS+.  Unfortunately, there are some pieces of
software which really need to be built on UFS.  We may want to rebuild
Darwin to have both UFS and HFS+ available (and put the /local/build
tree on the UFS).

@item @acronym{QNX} 4.25
@cindex @acronym{QNX} 4.25
@c FIXME: Please, if you feel like writing something more precise,
@c it'd be great.  In particular, I can't understand the difference with
@c QNX Neutrino.
@acronym{QNX} is a realtime operating system running on Intel architecture
meant to be scalable from the small embedded systems to the hundred
processor super-computer.  It claims to be @acronym{POSIX} certified.  More
information is available on the @href{www.qnx.com, @acronym{QNX} home page},
including the @href{http://support.qnx.com/support/docs/qnx4/, @acronym{QNX}
man pages}.

@item Tru64
@cindex Tru64
The @href{http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/docs/base_doc/DOCUMENTATION/,
documentation of several versions of Tru64} is available in different
formats.

@item Unix version 7
@cindex Unix version 7
@cindex V7
Documentation is available in the
@href{http://plan9.bell-labs.com/7thEdMan/index.html, V7 Manual}.
@end table


@node Multiple Cases
@section Multiple Cases

Some operations are accomplished in several possible ways, depending on
the @sc{unix} variant.  Checking for them essentially requires a ``case
statement''.  Autoconf does not directly provide one; however, it is
easy to simulate by using a shell variable to keep track of whether a
way to perform the operation has been found yet.

Here is an example that uses the shell variable @code{fstype} to keep
track of whether the remaining cases need to be checked.

@example
@group
AC_MSG_CHECKING([how to get file system type])
fstype=no
# The order of these tests is important.
AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <sys/statvfs.h>
#include <sys/fstyp.h>]])],
                  [AC_DEFINE(FSTYPE_STATVFS) fstype=SVR4])
if test $fstype = no; then
  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <sys/statfs.h>
#include <sys/fstyp.h>]])],
                  [AC_DEFINE(FSTYPE_USG_STATFS) fstype=SVR3])
fi
if test $fstype = no; then
  AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <sys/statfs.h>
#include <sys/vmount.h>]])]),
                  [AC_DEFINE(FSTYPE_AIX_STATFS) fstype=AIX])
fi
# (more cases omitted here)
AC_MSG_RESULT([$fstype])
@end group
@end example

@c ====================================================== Results of Tests.

@node Results
@chapter Results of Tests

Once @command{configure} has determined whether a feature exists, what can
it do to record that information?  There are four sorts of things it can
do: define a C preprocessor symbol, set a variable in the output files,
save the result in a cache file for future @command{configure} runs, and
print a message letting the user know the result of the test.

@menu
* Defining Symbols::            Defining C preprocessor symbols
* Setting Output Variables::    Replacing variables in output files
* Caching Results::             Speeding up subsequent @command{configure} runs
* Printing Messages::           Notifying @command{configure} users
@end menu

@node Defining Symbols
@section Defining C Preprocessor Symbols

A common action to take in response to a feature test is to define a C
preprocessor symbol indicating the results of the test.  That is done by
calling @code{AC_DEFINE} or @code{AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED}.

By default, @code{AC_OUTPUT} places the symbols defined by these macros
into the output variable @code{DEFS}, which contains an option
@option{-D@var{symbol}=@var{value}} for each symbol defined.  Unlike in
Autoconf version 1, there is no variable @code{DEFS} defined while
@command{configure} is running.  To check whether Autoconf macros have
already defined a certain C preprocessor symbol, test the value of the
appropriate cache variable, as in this example:

@example
AC_CHECK_FUNC(vprintf, [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_VPRINTF)])
if test "$ac_cv_func_vprintf" != yes; then
  AC_CHECK_FUNC(_doprnt, [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DOPRNT)])
fi
@end example

If @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS} has been called, then instead of creating
@code{DEFS}, @code{AC_OUTPUT} creates a header file by substituting the
correct values into @code{#define} statements in a template file.
@xref{Configuration Headers}, for more information about this kind of
output.

@defmac AC_DEFINE (@var{variable}, @var{value}, @ovar{description})
@defmacx AC_DEFINE (@var{variable})
@acindex DEFINE
Define the C preprocessor variable @var{variable} to @var{value} (verbatim).
@var{value} should not contain literal newlines, and if you are not
using @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS} it should not contain any @samp{#}
characters, as @command{make} tends to eat them.  To use a shell variable
(which you need to do in order to define a value containing the M4 quote
characters @samp{[} or @samp{]}), use @code{AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED} instead.
@var{description} is only useful if you are using
@code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}.  In this case, @var{description} is put into
the generated @file{config.h.in} as the comment before the macro define.
The following example defines the C preprocessor variable
@code{EQUATION} to be the string constant @samp{"$a > $b"}:

@example
AC_DEFINE(EQUATION, "$a > $b")
@end example

If neither @var{value} nor @var{description} are given, then
@var{value} defaults to 1 instead of to the empty string.  This is for
backwards compatibility with older versions of Autoconf, but this usage
is obsolescent and may be withdrawn in future versions of Autoconf.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED (@var{variable}, @var{value}, @ovar{description})
@defmacx AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED (@var{variable})
@acindex DEFINE_UNQUOTED
Like @code{AC_DEFINE}, but three shell expansions are
performed---once---on @var{variable} and @var{value}: variable expansion
(@samp{$}), command substitution (@samp{`}), and backslash escaping
(@samp{\}).  Single and double quote characters in the value have no
special meaning.  Use this macro instead of @code{AC_DEFINE} when
@var{variable} or @var{value} is a shell variable.  Examples:

@example
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(config_machfile, "$machfile")
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(GETGROUPS_T, $ac_cv_type_getgroups)
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED($ac_tr_hdr)
@end example
@end defmac

Due to a syntactical bizarreness of the Bourne shell, do not use
semicolons to separate @code{AC_DEFINE} or @code{AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED}
calls from other macro calls or shell code; that can cause syntax errors
in the resulting @command{configure} script.  Use either spaces or
newlines.  That is, do this:

@example
AC_CHECK_HEADER(elf.h, [AC_DEFINE(SVR4) LIBS="$LIBS -lelf"])
@end example

@noindent
or this:

@example
AC_CHECK_HEADER(elf.h,
 [AC_DEFINE(SVR4)
  LIBS="$LIBS -lelf"])
@end example

@noindent
instead of this:

@example
AC_CHECK_HEADER(elf.h, [AC_DEFINE(SVR4); LIBS="$LIBS -lelf"])
@end example

@node Setting Output Variables
@section Setting Output Variables

Another way to record the results of tests is to set @dfn{output
variables}, which are shell variables whose values are substituted into
files that @command{configure} outputs.  The two macros below create new
output variables.  @xref{Preset Output Variables}, for a list of output
variables that are always available.

@defmac AC_SUBST (@var{variable}, @ovar{value})
@acindex SUBST
Create an output variable from a shell variable.  Make @code{AC_OUTPUT}
substitute the variable @var{variable} into output files (typically one
or more @file{Makefile}s).  This means that @code{AC_OUTPUT} will
replace instances of @samp{@@@var{variable}@@} in input files with the
value that the shell variable @var{variable} has when @code{AC_OUTPUT}
is called.  This value of @var{variable} should not contain literal
newlines.

If @var{value} is given, in addition assign it to @var{variable}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SUBST_FILE (@var{variable})
@acindex SUBST_FILE
Another way to create an output variable from a shell variable.  Make
@code{AC_OUTPUT} insert (without substitutions) the contents of the file
named by shell variable @var{variable} into output files.  This means
that @code{AC_OUTPUT} will replace instances of
@samp{@@@var{variable}@@} in output files (such as @file{Makefile.in})
with the contents of the file that the shell variable @var{variable}
names when @code{AC_OUTPUT} is called.  Set the variable to
@file{/dev/null} for cases that do not have a file to insert.

This macro is useful for inserting @file{Makefile} fragments containing
special dependencies or other @code{make} directives for particular host
or target types into @file{Makefile}s.  For example, @file{configure.ac}
could contain:

@example
AC_SUBST_FILE(host_frag)
host_frag=$srcdir/conf/sun4.mh
@end example

@noindent
and then a @file{Makefile.in} could contain:

@example
@@host_frag@@
@end example
@end defmac

@cindex Previous Variable
@cindex Variable, Precious
Running @command{configure} in varying environments can be extremely
dangerous.  If for instance the user runs @samp{CC=bizarre-cc
./configure}, then the cache, @file{config.h}, and many other output
files will depend upon @command{bizarre-cc} being the C compiler.  If
for some reason the user runs @command{./configure} again, or if it is
run via @samp{./config.status --recheck}, (@xref{Automatic Remaking},
and @pxref{config.status Invocation}), then the configuration can be
inconsistent, composed of results depending upon two different
compilers.

Environment variables that affect this situation, such as @samp{CC}
above, are called @dfn{precious variables}, and can be declared as such
by @code{AC_ARG_VAR}.

@defmac AC_ARG_VAR (@var{variable}, @var{description})
@acindex ARG_VAR
Declare @var{variable} is a precious variable, and include its
@var{description} in the variable section of @samp{./configure --help}.

Being precious means that
@itemize @minus
@item
@var{variable} is @code{AC_SUBST}'d.

@item
The value of @var{variable} when @command{configure} was launched is
saved in the cache, including if it was not specified on the command
line but via the environment.  Indeed, while @command{configure} can
notice the definition of @code{CC} in @samp{./configure CC=bizarre-cc},
it is impossible to notice it in @samp{CC=bizarre-cc ./configure},
which, unfortunately, is what most users do.

We emphasize that it is the @emph{initial} value of @var{variable} which
is saved, not that found during the execution of @command{configure}.
Indeed, specifying @samp{./configure FOO=foo} and letting
@samp{./configure} guess that @code{FOO} is @code{foo} can be two very
different runs.

@item
@var{variable} is checked for consistency between two
@command{configure} runs.  For instance:

@example
$ @kbd{./configure --silent --config-cache}
$ @kbd{CC=cc ./configure --silent --config-cache}
configure: error: `CC' was not set in the previous run
configure: error: changes in the environment can compromise \
the build
configure: error: run `make distclean' and/or \
`rm config.cache' and start over
@end example

@noindent
and similarly if the variable is unset, or if its content is changed.


@item
@var{variable} is kept during automatic reconfiguration
(@pxref{config.status Invocation}) as if it had been passed as a command
line argument, including when no cache is used:

@example
$ @kbd{CC=/usr/bin/cc ./configure undeclared_var=raboof --silent}
$ @kbd{./config.status --recheck}
running /bin/sh ./configure undeclared_var=raboof --silent \
  CC=/usr/bin/cc  --no-create --no-recursion
@end example
@end itemize
@end defmac


@node Caching Results
@section Caching Results
@cindex Cache

To avoid checking for the same features repeatedly in various
@command{configure} scripts (or in repeated runs of one script),
@command{configure} can optionally save the results of many checks in a
@dfn{cache file} (@pxref{Cache Files}).  If a @command{configure} script
runs with caching enabled and finds a cache file, it reads the results
of previous runs from the cache and avoids rerunning those checks.  As a
result, @command{configure} can then run much faster than if it had to
perform all of the checks every time.

@defmac AC_CACHE_VAL (@var{cache-id}, @var{commands-to-set-it})
@acindex CACHE_VAL
Ensure that the results of the check identified by @var{cache-id} are
available.  If the results of the check were in the cache file that was
read, and @command{configure} was not given the @option{--quiet} or
@option{--silent} option, print a message saying that the result was
cached; otherwise, run the shell commands @var{commands-to-set-it}.  If
the shell commands are run to determine the value, the value will be
saved in the cache file just before @command{configure} creates its output
files.  @xref{Cache Variable Names}, for how to choose the name of the
@var{cache-id} variable.

The @var{commands-to-set-it} @emph{must have no side effects} except for
setting the variable @var{cache-id}, see below.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CACHE_CHECK (@var{message}, @var{cache-id}, @var{commands-to-set-it})
@acindex CACHE_CHECK
A wrapper for @code{AC_CACHE_VAL} that takes care of printing the
messages.  This macro provides a convenient shorthand for the most
common way to use these macros.  It calls @code{AC_MSG_CHECKING} for
@var{message}, then @code{AC_CACHE_VAL} with the @var{cache-id} and
@var{commands} arguments, and @code{AC_MSG_RESULT} with @var{cache-id}.

The @var{commands-to-set-it} @emph{must have no side effects} except for
setting the variable @var{cache-id}, see below.
@end defmac

It is very common to find buggy macros using @code{AC_CACHE_VAL} or
@code{AC_CACHE_CHECK}, because people are tempted to call
@code{AC_DEFINE} in the @var{commands-to-set-it}.  Instead, the code that
@emph{follows} the call to @code{AC_CACHE_VAL} should call
@code{AC_DEFINE}, by examining the value of the cache variable.  For
instance, the following macro is broken:

@example
@group
AC_DEFUN([AC_SHELL_TRUE],
[AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether true(1) works], [ac_cv_shell_true_works],
                [ac_cv_shell_true_works=no
                 true && ac_cv_shell_true_works=yes
                 if test $ac_cv_shell_true_works = yes; then
                   AC_DEFINE([TRUE_WORKS], 1
                             [Define if `true(1)' works properly.])
                 fi])
])
@end group
@end example

@noindent
This fails if the cache is enabled: the second time this macro is run,
@code{TRUE_WORKS} @emph{will not be defined}.  The proper implementation
is:

@example
@group
AC_DEFUN([AC_SHELL_TRUE],
[AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether true(1) works], [ac_cv_shell_true_works],
                [ac_cv_shell_true_works=no
                 true && ac_cv_shell_true_works=yes])
 if test $ac_cv_shell_true_works = yes; then
   AC_DEFINE([TRUE_WORKS], 1
             [Define if `true(1)' works properly.])
 fi
])
@end group
@end example

Also, @var{commands-to-set-it} should not print any messages, for
example with @code{AC_MSG_CHECKING}; do that before calling
@code{AC_CACHE_VAL}, so the messages are printed regardless of whether
the results of the check are retrieved from the cache or determined by
running the shell commands.

@menu
* Cache Variable Names::        Shell variables used in caches
* Cache Files::                 Files @command{configure} uses for caching
* Cache Checkpointing::         Loading and saving the cache file
@end menu

@node Cache Variable Names
@subsection Cache Variable Names
@cindex Cache variable

The names of cache variables should have the following format:

@example
@var{package-prefix}_cv_@var{value-type}_@var{specific-value}_@ovar{additional-options}
@end example

@noindent
for example, @samp{ac_cv_header_stat_broken} or
@samp{ac_cv_prog_gcc_traditional}.  The parts of the variable name are:

@table @asis
@item @var{package-prefix}
An abbreviation for your package or organization; the same prefix you
begin local Autoconf macros with, except lowercase by convention.
For cache values used by the distributed Autoconf macros, this value is
@samp{ac}.

@item @code{_cv_}
Indicates that this shell variable is a cache value.  This string
@emph{must} be present in the variable name, including the leading
underscore.

@item @var{value-type}
A convention for classifying cache values, to produce a rational naming
system.  The values used in Autoconf are listed in @ref{Macro Names}.

@item @var{specific-value}
Which member of the class of cache values this test applies to.
For example, which function (@samp{alloca}), program (@samp{gcc}), or
output variable (@samp{INSTALL}).

@item @var{additional-options}
Any particular behavior of the specific member that this test applies to.
For example, @samp{broken} or @samp{set}.  This part of the name may
be omitted if it does not apply.
@end table

The values assigned to cache variables may not contain newlines.
Usually, their values will be Boolean (@samp{yes} or @samp{no}) or the
names of files or functions; so this is not an important restriction.

@node Cache Files
@subsection Cache Files

A cache file is a shell script that caches the results of configure
tests run on one system so they can be shared between configure scripts
and configure runs.  It is not useful on other systems.  If its contents
are invalid for some reason, the user may delete or edit it.

By default, @command{configure} uses no cache file (technically, it uses
@option{--cache-file=/dev/null}), to avoid problems caused by accidental
use of stale cache files.

To enable caching, @command{configure} accepts @option{--config-cache} (or
@option{-C}) to cache results in the file @file{config.cache}.
Alternatively, @option{--cache-file=@var{file}} specifies that
@var{file} be the cache file.  The cache file is created if it does not
exist already.  When @command{configure} calls @command{configure} scripts in
subdirectories, it uses the @option{--cache-file} argument so that they
share the same cache.  @xref{Subdirectories}, for information on
configuring subdirectories with the @code{AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS} macro.

@file{config.status} only pays attention to the cache file if it is
given the @option{--recheck} option, which makes it rerun
@command{configure}.

It is wrong to try to distribute cache files for particular system types.
There is too much room for error in doing that, and too much
administrative overhead in maintaining them.  For any features that
can't be guessed automatically, use the standard method of the canonical
system type and linking files (@pxref{Manual Configuration}).

The site initialization script can specify a site-wide cache file to
use, instead of the usual per-program cache.  In this case, the cache
file will gradually accumulate information whenever someone runs a new
@command{configure} script.  (Running @command{configure} merges the new cache
results with the existing cache file.)  This may cause problems,
however, if the system configuration (e.g., the installed libraries or
compilers) changes and the stale cache file is not deleted.

@node Cache Checkpointing
@subsection Cache Checkpointing

If your configure script, or a macro called from @file{configure.ac}, happens
to abort the configure process, it may be useful to checkpoint the cache
a few times at key points using @code{AC_CACHE_SAVE}.  Doing so will
reduce the amount of time it takes to re-run the configure script with
(hopefully) the error that caused the previous abort corrected.

@c FIXME: Do we really want to document this guy?
@defmac AC_CACHE_LOAD
@acindex CACHE_LOAD
Loads values from existing cache file, or creates a new cache file if a
cache file is not found.  Called automatically from @code{AC_INIT}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CACHE_SAVE
@acindex CACHE_SAVE
Flushes all cached values to the cache file.  Called automatically from
@code{AC_OUTPUT}, but it can be quite useful to call
@code{AC_CACHE_SAVE} at key points in @file{configure.ac}.
@end defmac

For instance:

@example
@r{ @dots{} AC_INIT, etc. @dots{}}
@group
# Checks for programs.
AC_PROG_CC
AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL
@r{ @dots{} more program checks @dots{}}
AC_CACHE_SAVE
@end group

@group
# Checks for libraries.
AC_CHECK_LIB(nsl, gethostbyname)
AC_CHECK_LIB(socket, connect)
@r{ @dots{} more lib checks @dots{}}
AC_CACHE_SAVE
@end group

@group
# Might abort@dots{}
AM_PATH_GTK(1.0.2,, [AC_MSG_ERROR([GTK not in path])])
AM_PATH_GTKMM(0.9.5,, [AC_MSG_ERROR([GTK not in path])])
@end group
@r{ @dots{} AC_OUTPUT, etc. @dots{}}
@end example

@node Printing Messages
@section Printing Messages
@cindex Messages, from @command{configure}

@command{configure} scripts need to give users running them several kinds
of information.  The following macros print messages in ways appropriate
for each kind.  The arguments to all of them get enclosed in shell
double quotes, so the shell performs variable and back-quote
substitution on them.

These macros are all wrappers around the @code{echo} shell command.
@command{configure} scripts should rarely need to run @code{echo} directly
to print messages for the user.  Using these macros makes it easy to
change how and when each kind of message is printed; such changes need
only be made to the macro definitions and all of the callers will change
automatically.

To diagnose static issues, i.e., when @command{autoconf} is run, see
@ref{Reporting Messages}.

@defmac AC_MSG_CHECKING (@var{feature-description})
@acindex MSG_CHECKING
Notify the user that @command{configure} is checking for a particular
feature.  This macro prints a message that starts with @samp{checking }
and ends with @samp{...} and no newline.  It must be followed by a call
to @code{AC_MSG_RESULT} to print the result of the check and the
newline.  The @var{feature-description} should be something like
@samp{whether the Fortran compiler accepts C++ comments} or @samp{for
c89}.

This macro prints nothing if @command{configure} is run with the
@option{--quiet} or @option{--silent} option.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MSG_RESULT (@var{result-description})
@acindex MSG_RESULT
Notify the user of the results of a check.  @var{result-description} is
almost always the value of the cache variable for the check, typically
@samp{yes}, @samp{no}, or a file name.  This macro should follow a call
to @code{AC_MSG_CHECKING}, and the @var{result-description} should be
the completion of the message printed by the call to
@code{AC_MSG_CHECKING}.

This macro prints nothing if @command{configure} is run with the
@option{--quiet} or @option{--silent} option.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MSG_NOTICE (@var{message})
@acindex MSG_NOTICE
Deliver the @var{message} to the user.  It is useful mainly to print a
general description of the overall purpose of a group of feature checks,
e.g.,

@example
AC_MSG_NOTICE([checking if stack overflow is detectable])
@end example

This macro prints nothing if @command{configure} is run with the
@option{--quiet} or @option{--silent} option.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MSG_ERROR (@var{error-description}, @ovar{exit-status})
@acindex MSG_ERROR
Notify the user of an error that prevents @command{configure} from
completing.  This macro prints an error message to the standard error
output and exits @command{configure} with @var{exit-status} (1 by default).
@var{error-description} should be something like @samp{invalid value
$HOME for \$HOME}.

The @var{error-description} should start with a lower-case letter, and
``cannot'' is preferred to ``can't''.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MSG_FAILURE (@var{error-description}, @ovar{exit-status})
@acindex MSG_FAILURE
This @code{AC_MSG_ERROR} wrapper notifies the user of an error that
prevents @command{configure} from completing @emph{and} that additional
details are provided in @file{config.log}.  This is typically used when
abnormal results are found during a compilation.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MSG_WARN (@var{problem-description})
@acindex MSG_WARN
Notify the @command{configure} user of a possible problem.  This macro
prints the message to the standard error output; @command{configure}
continues running afterward, so macros that call @code{AC_MSG_WARN} should
provide a default (back-up) behavior for the situations they warn about.
@var{problem-description} should be something like @samp{ln -s seems to
make hard links}.
@end defmac



@c ====================================================== Programming in M4.

@node Programming in M4
@chapter Programming in M4

Autoconf is written on top of two layers: @dfn{M4sugar}, which provides
convenient macros for pure M4 programming, and @dfn{M4sh}, which
provides macros dedicated to shell script generation.

As of this version of Autoconf, these two layers are still experimental,
and their interface might change in the future.  As a matter of fact,
@emph{anything that is not documented must not be used}.

@menu
* M4 Quotation::                Protecting macros from unwanted expansion
* Using autom4te::              The Autoconf executables backbone
* Programming in M4sugar::      Convenient pure M4 macros
* Programming in M4sh::         Common shell Constructs
@end menu

@node M4 Quotation
@section M4 Quotation
@cindex quotation

@c FIXME: Grmph, yet another quoting myth: quotation has *never*
@c prevented `expansion' of $1.  Unless it refers to the expansion
@c of the value of $1?  Anyway, we need a rewrite here@enddots{}

The most common problem with existing macros is an improper quotation.
This section, which users of Autoconf can skip, but which macro writers
@emph{must} read, first justifies the quotation scheme that was chosen
for Autoconf and then ends with a rule of thumb.  Understanding the
former helps one to follow the latter.

@menu
* Active Characters::           Characters that change the behavior of M4
* One Macro Call::              Quotation and one macro call
* Quotation and Nested Macros::  Macros calling macros
* Changequote is Evil::         Worse than INTERCAL: M4 + changequote
* Quadrigraphs::                Another way to escape special characters
* Quotation Rule Of Thumb::     One parenthesis, one quote
@end menu

@node Active Characters
@subsection Active Characters

To fully understand where proper quotation is important, you first need
to know what the special characters are in Autoconf: @samp{#} introduces
a comment inside which no macro expansion is performed, @samp{,}
separates arguments, @samp{[} and @samp{]} are the quotes themselves,
and finally @samp{(} and @samp{)} (which M4 tries to match by
pairs).

In order to understand the delicate case of macro calls, we first have
to present some obvious failures.  Below they are ``obvious-ified'',
but when you find them in real life, they are usually in disguise.

Comments, introduced by a hash and running up to the newline, are opaque
tokens to the top level: active characters are turned off, and there is
no macro expansion:

@example
# define([def], ine)
@result{}# define([def], ine)
@end example

Each time there can be a macro expansion, there is a quotation
expansion, i.e., one level of quotes is stripped:

@example
int tab[10];
@result{}int tab10;
[int tab[10];]
@result{}int tab[10];
@end example

Without this in mind, the reader will try hopelessly to use her macro
@code{array}:

@example
define([array], [int tab[10];])
array
@result{}int tab10;
[array]
@result{}array
@end example

@noindent
How can you correctly output the intended results@footnote{Using
@code{defn}.}?


@node One Macro Call
@subsection One Macro Call

Let's proceed on the interaction between active characters and macros
with this small macro, which just returns its first argument:

@example
define([car], [$1])
@end example

@noindent
The two pairs of quotes above are not part of the arguments of
@code{define}; rather, they are understood by the top level when it
tries to find the arguments of @code{define}.  Therefore, it is
equivalent to write:

@example
define(car, $1)
@end example

@noindent
But, while it is acceptable for a @file{configure.ac} to avoid unnecessary
quotes, it is bad practice for Autoconf macros which must both be more
robust and also advocate perfect style.

At the top level, there are only two possibilities: either you
quote or you don't:

@example
car(foo, bar, baz)
@result{}foo
[car(foo, bar, baz)]
@result{}car(foo, bar, baz)
@end example

Let's pay attention to the special characters:

@example
car(#)
@error{}EOF in argument list
@end example

The closing parenthesis is hidden in the comment; with a hypothetical
quoting, the top level understood it this way:

@example
car([#)]
@end example

@noindent
Proper quotation, of course, fixes the problem:

@example
car([#])
@result{}#
@end example

The reader will easily understand the following examples:

@example
car(foo, bar)
@result{}foo
car([foo, bar])
@result{}foo, bar
car((foo, bar))
@result{}(foo, bar)
car([(foo], [bar)])
@result{}(foo
car([], [])
@result{}
car([[]], [[]])
@result{}[]
@end example

With this in mind, we can explore the cases where macros invoke
macros@enddots{}


@node Quotation and Nested Macros
@subsection Quotation and Nested Macros

The examples below use the following macros:

@example
define([car], [$1])
define([active], [ACT, IVE])
define([array], [int tab[10]])
@end example

Each additional embedded macro call introduces other possible
interesting quotations:

@example
car(active)
@result{}ACT
car([active])
@result{}ACT, IVE
car([[active]])
@result{}active
@end example

In the first case, the top level looks for the arguments of @code{car},
and finds @samp{active}.  Because M4 evaluates its arguments
before applying the macro, @samp{active} is expanded, which results in:

@example
car(ACT, IVE)
@result{}ACT
@end example

@noindent
In the second case, the top level gives @samp{active} as first and only
argument of @code{car}, which results in:

@example
active
@result{}ACT, IVE
@end example

@noindent
i.e., the argument is evaluated @emph{after} the macro that invokes it.
In the third case, @code{car} receives @samp{[active]}, which results in:

@example
[active]
@result{}active
@end example

@noindent
exactly as we already saw above.

The example above, applied to a more realistic example, gives:

@example
car(int tab[10];)
@result{}int tab10;
car([int tab[10];])
@result{}int tab10;
car([[int tab[10];]])
@result{}int tab[10];
@end example

@noindent
Huh?  The first case is easily understood, but why is the second wrong,
and the third right?  To understand that, you must know that after
M4 expands a macro, the resulting text is immediately subjected
to macro expansion and quote removal.  This means that the quote removal
occurs twice---first before the argument is passed to the @code{car}
macro, and second after the @code{car} macro expands to the first
argument.

As the author of the Autoconf macro @code{car}, you then consider it to
be incorrect that your users have to double-quote the arguments of
@code{car}, so you ``fix'' your macro.  Let's call it @code{qar} for
quoted car:

@example
define([qar], [[$1]])
@end example

@noindent
and check that @code{qar} is properly fixed:

@example
qar([int tab[10];])
@result{}int tab[10];
@end example

@noindent
Ahhh!  That's much better.

But note what you've done: now that the arguments are literal strings,
if the user wants to use the results of expansions as arguments, she has
to use an @emph{unquoted} macro call:

@example
qar(active)
@result{}ACT
@end example

@noindent
where she wanted to reproduce what she used to do with @code{car}:

@example
car([active])
@result{}ACT, IVE
@end example

@noindent
Worse yet: she wants to use a macro that produces a set of @code{cpp}
macros:

@example
define([my_includes], [#include <stdio.h>])
car([my_includes])
@result{}#include <stdio.h>
qar(my_includes)
@error{}EOF in argument list
@end example

This macro, @code{qar}, because it double quotes its arguments, forces
its users to leave their macro calls unquoted, which is dangerous.
Commas and other active symbols are interpreted by M4 before
they are given to the macro, often not in the way the users expect.
Also, because @code{qar} behaves differently from the other macros,
it's an exception that should be avoided in Autoconf.

@node Changequote is Evil
@subsection @code{changequote} is Evil

The temptation is often high to bypass proper quotation, in particular
when it's late at night.  Then, many experienced Autoconf hackers
finally surrender to the dark side of the force and use the ultimate
weapon: @code{changequote}.

The M4 builtin @code{changequote} belongs to a set of primitives that
allow one to adjust the syntax of the language to adjust it to one's
needs.  For instance, by default M4 uses @samp{`} and @samp{'} as
quotes, but in the context of shell programming (and actually of most
programming languages), that's about the worst choice one can make:
because of strings and back-quoted expressions in shell code (such as
@samp{'this'} and @samp{`that`}), because of literal characters in usual
programming languages (as in @samp{'0'}), there are many unbalanced
@samp{`} and @samp{'}.  Proper M4 quotation then becomes a nightmare, if
not impossible.  In order to make M4 useful in such a context, its
designers have equipped it with @code{changequote}, which makes it
possible to choose another pair of quotes.  M4sugar, M4sh, Autoconf, and
Autotest all have chosen to use @samp{[} and @samp{]}.  Not especially
because they are unlikely characters, but @emph{because they are
characters unlikely to be unbalanced}.

There are other magic primitives, such as @code{changecom} to specify
what syntactic forms are comments (it is common to see
@samp{changecom(<!--, -->)} when M4 is used to produce HTML pages),
@code{changeword} and @code{changesyntax} to change other syntactic
details (such as the character to denote the n-th argument, @samp{$} by
default, the parenthesis around arguments etc.).

These primitives are really meant to make M4 more useful for specific
domains: they should be considered like command line options:
@option{--quotes}, @option{--comments}, @option{--words}, and
@code{--syntax}.  Nevertheless, they are implemented as M4 builtins, as
it makes M4 libraries self contained (no need for additional options).

There lies the problem@enddots{}

@sp 1

The problem is that it is then tempting to use them in the middle of an
M4 script, as opposed to its initialization.  This, if not carefully
thought out, can lead to disastrous effects: @emph{you are changing the
language in the middle of the execution}.  Changing and restoring the
syntax is often not enough: if you happened to invoke macros in between,
these macros will be lost, as the current syntax will probably not be
the one they were implemented with.

@c FIXME: I've been looking for a short, real case example, but I
@c lost them all :(


@node Quadrigraphs
@subsection Quadrigraphs
@cindex quadrigraphs
@cindex @samp{@@S|@@}
@cindex @samp{@@&t@@}
@c Info cannot handle `:' in index entries.
@c @cindex @samp{@@<:@@}
@c @cindex @samp{@@:>@@}
@c @cindex @samp{@@%:@@}

When writing an Autoconf macro you may occasionally need to generate
special characters that are difficult to express with the standard
Autoconf quoting rules.  For example, you may need to output the regular
expression @samp{[^[]}, which matches any character other than @samp{[}.
This expression contains unbalanced brackets so it cannot be put easily
into an M4 macro.

You can work around this problem by using one of the following
@dfn{quadrigraphs}:

@table @samp
@item @@<:@@
@samp{[}
@item @@:>@@
@samp{]}
@item @@S|@@
@samp{$}
@item @@%:@@
@samp{#}
@item @@&t@@
Expands to nothing.
@end table

Quadrigraphs are replaced at a late stage of the translation process,
after @command{m4} is run, so they do not get in the way of M4 quoting.
For example, the string @samp{^@@<:@@}, independently of its quotation,
will appear as @samp{^[} in the output.

The empty quadrigraph can be used:

@itemize @minus
@item to mark trailing spaces explicitly

Trailing spaces are smashed by @command{autom4te}.  This is a feature.

@item to produce other quadrigraphs

For instance @samp{@@<@@&t@@:@@} produces @samp{@@<:@@}.

@item to escape @emph{occurrences} of forbidden patterns

For instance you might want to mention @code{AC_FOO} in a comment, while
still being sure that @command{autom4te} will still catch unexpanded
@samp{AC_*}.  Then write @samp{AC@@&t@@_FOO}.
@end itemize

The name @samp{@@&t@@} was suggested by Paul Eggert:

@quotation
I should give some credit to the @samp{@@&t@@} pun.  The @samp{&} is my
own invention, but the @samp{t} came from the source code of the
@sc{algol68c} compiler, written by Steve Bourne (of Bourne shell fame),
and which used @samp{mt} to denote the empty string.  In C, it would
have looked like something like:

@example
char const mt[] = "";
@end example

@noindent
but of course the source code was written in Algol 68.

I don't know where he got @samp{mt} from: it could have been his own
invention, and I suppose it could have been a common pun around the
Cambridge University computer lab at the time.
@end quotation

@node Quotation Rule Of Thumb
@subsection Quotation Rule Of Thumb

To conclude, the quotation rule of thumb is:

@center @emph{One pair of quotes per pair of parentheses.}

Never over-quote, never under-quote, in particular in the definition of
macros.  In the few places where the macros need to use brackets
(usually in C program text or regular expressions), properly quote
@emph{the arguments}!

It is common to read Autoconf programs with snippets like:

@example
AC_TRY_LINK(
changequote(<<, >>)dnl
<<#include <time.h>
#ifndef tzname /* For SGI.  */
extern char *tzname[]; /* RS6000 and others reject char **tzname.  */
#endif>>,
changequote([, ])dnl
[atoi (*tzname);], ac_cv_var_tzname=yes, ac_cv_var_tzname=no)
@end example

@noindent
which is incredibly useless since @code{AC_TRY_LINK} is @emph{already}
double quoting, so you just need:

@example
AC_TRY_LINK(
[#include <time.h>
#ifndef tzname /* For SGI.  */
extern char *tzname[]; /* RS6000 and others reject char **tzname.  */
#endif],
            [atoi (*tzname);],
            [ac_cv_var_tzname=yes],
            [ac_cv_var_tzname=no])
@end example

@noindent
The M4-fluent reader will note that these two examples are rigorously
equivalent, since M4 swallows both the @samp{changequote(<<, >>)}
and @samp{<<} @samp{>>} when it @dfn{collects} the arguments: these
quotes are not part of the arguments!

Simplified, the example above is just doing this:

@example
changequote(<<, >>)dnl
<<[]>>
changequote([, ])dnl
@end example

@noindent
instead of simply:

@example
[[]]
@end example


With macros that do not double quote their arguments (which is the
rule), double-quote the (risky) literals:

@example
AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
[[#include <time.h>
#ifndef tzname /* For SGI.  */
extern char *tzname[]; /* RS6000 and others reject char **tzname.  */
#endif]],
                                [atoi (*tzname);])],
               [ac_cv_var_tzname=yes],
               [ac_cv_var_tzname=no])
@end example

@xref{Quadrigraphs}, for what to do if you run into a hopeless case
where quoting does not suffice.

When you create a @command{configure} script using newly written macros,
examine it carefully to check whether you need to add more quotes in
your macros.  If one or more words have disappeared in the M4
output, you need more quotes.  When in doubt, quote.

However, it's also possible to put on too many layers of quotes.  If
this happens, the resulting @command{configure} script will contain
unexpanded macros.  The @command{autoconf} program checks for this problem
by doing @samp{grep AC_ configure}.


@c ---------------------------------------- Using autom4te

@node Using autom4te
@section Using @command{autom4te}

The Autoconf suite, including M4sugar, M4sh, and Autotest, in addition
to Autoconf per se, heavily rely on M4.  All these different uses
revealed common needs factored into a layer over @command{m4}:
@command{autom4te}@footnote{
@c
Yet another great name from Lars J. Aas.
@c
}.

@command{autom4te} should basically considered as a replacement of
@command{m4} itself.

@menu
* autom4te Invocation::         A @acronym{GNU} M4 wrapper
* Customizing autom4te::        Customizing the Autoconf package
@end menu

@node autom4te Invocation
@subsection Invoking @command{autom4te}

The command line arguments are modeled after M4's:

@example
autom4te @var{options} @var{files}
@end example

@noindent
where the @var{files} are directly passed to @command{m4}.  In addition
to the regular expansion, it handles the replacement of the quadrigraphs
(@pxref{Quadrigraphs}), and of @samp{__oline__}, the current line in the
output.  It supports an extended syntax for the @var{files}:

@table @file
@item @var{file}.m4f
This file is an M4 frozen file.  Note that @emph{all the previous files
are ignored}.  See the option @option{--melt} for the rationale.

@item @var{file}?
If found in the library path, the @var{file} is included for expansion,
otherwise it is ignored instead of triggering a failure.
@end table

@sp 1

Of course, it supports the Autoconf common subset of options:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

@item --verbose
@itemx -v
Report processing steps.

@item --debug
@itemx -d
Don't remove the temporary files and be even more verbose.

@item --include=@var{dir}
@itemx -I @var{dir}
Also look for input files in @var{dir}.  Multiple invocations
accumulate.

@item --output=@var{file}
@itemx -o @var{file}
Save output (script or trace) to @var{file}.  The file @option{-} stands
for the standard output.
@end table

@sp 1

As an extension of @command{m4}, it includes the following options:

@table @option
@item --warnings=@var{category}
@itemx -W @var{category}
@evindex WARNINGS
@c FIXME: Point to the M4sugar macros, not Autoconf's.
Report the warnings related to @var{category} (which can actually be a
comma separated list).  @xref{Reporting Messages}, macro
@code{AC_DIAGNOSE}, for a comprehensive list of categories.  Special
values include:

@table @samp
@item all
report all the warnings

@item none
report none

@item error
treats warnings as errors

@item no-@var{category}
disable warnings falling into @var{category}
@end table

Warnings about @samp{syntax} are enabled by default, and the environment
variable @code{WARNINGS}, a comma separated list of categories, is
honored.  @command{autom4te -W @var{category}} will actually
behave as if you had run:

@example
autom4te --warnings=syntax,$WARNINGS,@var{category}
@end example

@noindent
If you want to disable @command{autom4te}'s defaults and
@code{WARNINGS}, but (for example) enable the warnings about obsolete
constructs, you would use @option{-W none,obsolete}.

@cindex Back trace
@cindex Macro invocation stack
@command{autom4te} displays a back trace for errors, but not for
warnings; if you want them, just pass @option{-W error}.  For instance,
on this @file{configure.ac}:

@example
AC_DEFUN([INNER],
[AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([exit (0)])])])

AC_DEFUN([OUTER],
[INNER])

AC_INIT
OUTER
@end example

@noindent
you get:

@example
$ @kbd{autom4te -l autoconf -Wcross}
configure.ac:8: warning: AC_RUN_IFELSE called without default \
to allow cross compiling
$ @kbd{autom4te -l autoconf -Wcross,error -f}
configure.ac:8: error: AC_RUN_IFELSE called without default \
to allow cross compiling
acgeneral.m4:3044: AC_RUN_IFELSE is expanded from...
configure.ac:2: INNER is expanded from...
configure.ac:5: OUTER is expanded from...
configure.ac:8: the top level
@end example


@item --melt
@itemx -m
Do not use frozen files.  Any argument @code{@var{file}.m4f} will be
replaced with @code{@var{file}.m4}.  This helps tracing the macros which
are executed only when the files are frozen, typically
@code{m4_define}.  For instance, running:

@example
autom4te --melt 1.m4 2.m4f 3.m4 4.m4f input.m4
@end example

@noindent
is roughly equivalent to running:

@example
m4 1.m4 2.m4 3.m4 4.m4 input.m4
@end example

@noindent
while

@example
autom4te 1.m4 2.m4f 3.m4 4.m4f input.m4
@end example

@noindent
is equivalent to:

@example
m4 --reload-state=4.m4f input.m4
@end example

@item --freeze
@itemx -f
Produce a frozen state file.  @command{autom4te} freezing is stricter
than M4's: it must produce no warnings, and no output other than empty
lines (a line with whitespace is @emph{not} empty) and comments
(starting with @samp{#}).  Please, note that contrary to @command{m4},
this options takes no argument:

@example
autom4te 1.m4 2.m4 3.m4 --freeze --output=3.m4f
@end example

@noindent
corresponds to

@example
m4 1.m4 2.m4 3.m4 --freeze-state=3.m4f
@end example

@item --mode=@var{octal-mode}
@itemx -m @var{octal-mode}
Set the mode of the non-traces output to @var{octal-mode}; by default
@samp{0666}.
@end table

@sp 1

@cindex @file{autom4te.cache}
As another additional feature over @command{m4}, @command{autom4te}
caches its results.  @acronym{GNU} M4 is able to produce a regular
output and traces at the same time.  Traces are heavily used in the
@acronym{GNU} Build System: @command{autoheader} uses them to build
@file{config.h.in}, @command{autoreconf} to determine what
@acronym{GNU} Build System components are used, @command{automake} to
``parse'' @file{configure.ac} etc.  To save the long runs of
@command{m4}, traces are cached while performing regular expansion,
and conversely.  This cache is (actually, the caches are) stored in
the directory @file{autom4te.cache}.  @emph{It can safely be removed}
at any moment (especially if for some reason @command{autom4te}
considers it is trashed).

@table @option
@item --cache=@var{directory}
@itemx -C @var{directory}
Specify the name of the directory where the result should be cached.
Passing an empty value disables caching.  Be sure to pass a relative
path name, as for the time being, global caches are not supported.

@item --no-cache
Don't cache the results.

@item --force
@itemx -f
If a cache is used, consider it obsolete (but update it anyway).
@end table

@sp 1

Because traces are so important to the @acronym{GNU} Build System,
@command{autom4te} provides high level tracing features as compared to
M4, and helps exploiting the cache:

@table @option
@item --trace=@var{macro}[:@var{format}]
@itemx -t @var{macro}[:@var{format}]
Trace the invocations of @var{macro} according to the @var{format}.
Multiple @option{--trace} arguments can be used to list several macros.
Multiple @option{--trace} arguments for a single macro are not
cumulative; instead, you should just make @var{format} as long as
needed.

The @var{format} is a regular string, with newlines if desired, and
several special escape codes.  It defaults to @samp{$f:$l:$n:$%}.  It can
use the following special escapes:

@table @samp
@item $$
The character @samp{$}.

@item $f
The filename from which @var{macro} is called.

@item $l
The line number from which @var{macro} is called.

@item $d
The depth of the @var{macro} call.  This is an M4 technical detail that
you probably don't want to know about.

@item $n
The name of the @var{macro}.

@item $@var{num}
The @var{num}th argument of the call to @var{macro}.

@item $@@
@itemx $@var{sep}@@
@itemx $@{@var{separator}@}@@
All the arguments passed to @var{macro}, separated by the character
@var{sep} or the string @var{separator} (@samp{,} by default).  Each
argument is quoted, i.e., enclosed in a pair of square brackets.

@item $*
@itemx $@var{sep}*
@itemx $@{@var{separator}@}*
As above, but the arguments are not quoted.

@item $%
@itemx $@var{sep}%
@itemx $@{@var{separator}@}%
As above, but the arguments are not quoted, all new line characters in
the arguments are smashed, and the default separator is @samp{:}.

The escape @samp{$%} produces single-line trace outputs (unless you put
newlines in the @samp{separator}), while @samp{$@@} and @samp{$*} do
not.
@end table

@xref{autoconf Invocation}, for examples of trace uses.

@item --preselect=@var{macro}
@itemx -p @var{macro}
Cache the traces of @var{macro}, but do not enable traces.  This is
especially important to save CPU cycles in the future.  For instance,
when invoked, @command{autoconf} preselects all the macros that
@command{autoheader}, @command{automake}, @command{autoreconf} etc.@: will
trace, so that running @command{m4} is not needed to trace them: the
cache suffices.  This results in a huge speed-up.
@end table

@sp 1

@cindex Autom4te Library
Finally, @command{autom4te} introduces the concept of @dfn{Autom4te
libraries}.  They consists in a powerful yet extremely simple feature:
sets of combined command line arguments:

@table @option
@item --language=@var{language}
@itemx -l =@var{language}
Use the @var{language} Autom4te library.  Current languages include:

@table @code
@item M4sugar
create M4sugar output.

@item M4sh
create M4sh executable shell scripts.

@item Autotest
create Autotest executable test suites.

@item Autoconf
create Autoconf executable configure scripts.
@end table

@item --prepend-include=@var{dir}
@item -B @var{dir}
Prepend directory @var{dir} to the search path.  This is used to include
the language-specific files before any third-party macros.

@end table

@cindex @file{autom4te.cfg}
As an example, if Autoconf is installed in its default location,
@file{/usr/local}, running @samp{autom4te -l m4sugar foo.m4} is
strictly equivalent to running @samp{autom4te --prepend-include
/usr/local/share/autoconf m4sugar/m4sugar.m4f --warnings syntax foo.m4}.
Recursive expansion applies: running @samp{autom4te -l m4sh foo.m4}
is the same as @samp{autom4te --language M4sugar m4sugar/m4sh.m4f
foo.m4}, i.e., @samp{autom4te --prepend-include /usr/local/share/autoconf
m4sugar/m4sugar.m4f m4sugar/m4sh.m4f --mode 777 foo.m4}.  The definition
of the languages is stored in @file{autom4te.cfg}.

@node Customizing autom4te
@subsection Customizing @command{autom4te}

One can customize @command{autom4te} via @file{~/.autom4te.cfg} (i.e.,
as found in the user home directory), and @file{./.autom4te.cfg} (i.e.,
as found in the directory from which @command{autom4te} is run).  The
order is first reading @file{autom4te.cfg}, then @file{~/.autom4te.cfg},
then @file{./.autom4te.cfg}, and finally the command line arguments.

In these text files, comments are introduced with @code{#}, and empty
lines are ignored.  Customization is performed on a per-language basis,
wrapped in between a @samp{begin-language: "@var{language}"},
@samp{end-language: "@var{language}"} pair.

Customizing a language stands for appending options (@pxref{autom4te
Invocation}) to the current definition of the language.  Options, and
more generally arguments, are introduced by @samp{args:
@var{arguments}}.  You may use the traditional shell syntax to quote the
@var{arguments}.

As an example, to disable Autoconf caches (@file{autom4te.cache})
globally, include the following lines in @file{~/.autom4te.cfg}:

@verbatim
## ------------------ ##
## User Preferences.  ##
## ------------------ ##

begin-language: "Autoconf"
args: --no-cache
end-language: "Autoconf"
@end verbatim


@node Programming in M4sugar
@section Programming in M4sugar

@cindex M4sugar
M4 by itself provides only a small, but sufficient, set of all-purpose
macros.  M4sugar introduces additional generic macros.  Its name was
coined by Lars J. Aas: ``Readability And Greater Understanding Stands 4
M4sugar''.

@menu
* Redefined M4 Macros::         M4 builtins changed in M4sugar
* Evaluation Macros::           More quotation and evaluation control
* Forbidden Patterns::          Catching unexpanded macros
@end menu

@node Redefined M4 Macros
@subsection Redefined M4 Macros

With a few exceptions, all the M4 native macros are moved in the
@samp{m4_} pseudo-namespace, e.g., M4sugar renames @code{define} as
@code{m4_define} etc.

Some M4 macros are redefined, and are slightly incompatible with their
native equivalent.

@defmac dnl
@msindex dnl
This macro kept its original name: no @code{m4_dnl} is defined.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_defn (@var{macro})
@msindex defn
Contrary to the M4 builtin, this macro fails if @var{macro} is not
defined.  See @code{m4_undefine}.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_exit (@var{exit-status})
@msindex m4_exit
This macro corresponds to @code{m4exit}.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_if (@var{comment})
@defmacx m4_if (@var{string-1}, @var{string-2}, @var{equal}, @ovar{not-equal})
@defmacx m4_if (@var{string-1}, @var{string-2}, @var{equal}, @dots{})
@msindex m4_if
This macro corresponds to @code{ifelse}.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_undefine (@var{macro})
@msindex undefine
Contrary to the M4 builtin, this macro fails if @var{macro} is not
defined.  Use

@example
m4_ifdef([@var{macro}], [m4_undefine([@var{macro}])])
@end example

@noindent
to recover the behavior of the builtin.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_bpatsubst (@var{string}, @var{regexp}, @ovar{replacement})
@msindex bpatsubst
This macro corresponds to @code{patsubst}.  The name @code{m4_patsubst}
is kept for future versions of M4sh, on top of @acronym{GNU} M4 which will
provide extended regular expression syntax via @code{epatsubst}.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_popdef (@var{macro})
@msindex defn
Contrary to the M4 builtin, this macro fails if @var{macro} is not
defined.  See @code{m4_undefine}.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_bregexp (@var{string}, @var{regexp}, @ovar{replacement})
@msindex bregexp
This macro corresponds to @code{regexp}.  The name @code{m4_regexp}
is kept for future versions of M4sh, on top of @acronym{GNU} M4 which will
provide extended regular expression syntax via @code{eregexp}.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_wrap (@var{text})
@msindex m4_wrap
This macro corresponds to @code{m4wrap}.

You are encouraged to end @var{text} with @samp{[]}, so that there are
no risks that two consecutive invocations of @code{m4_wrap} result in an
unexpected pasting of tokens, as in

@example
m4_define([foo], [Foo])
m4_define([bar], [Bar])
m4_define([foobar], [FOOBAR])
m4_wrap([bar])
m4_wrap([foo])
@result{}FOOBAR
@end example
@end defmac

@node Evaluation Macros
@subsection Evaluation Macros

The following macros give some control over the order of the evaluation
by adding or removing levels of quotes.  They are meant for hard-core M4
programmers.

@defmac m4_dquote (@var{arg1}, @dots{})
@msindex dquote
Return the arguments as a quoted list of quoted arguments.
@end defmac

@defmac m4_quote (@var{arg1}, @dots{})
@msindex quote
Return the arguments as a single entity, i.e., wrap them into a pair of
quotes.
@end defmac

The following example aims at emphasizing the difference between (i), not
using these macros, (ii), using @code{m4_quote}, and (iii), using
@code{m4_dquote}.

@example
$ @kbd{cat example.m4}
# Overquote, so that quotes are visible.
m4_define([show], [$[]1 = [$1], $[]@@ = [$@@]])
m4_divert(0)dnl
show(a, b)
show(m4_quote(a, b))
show(m4_dquote(a, b))
$ @kbd{autom4te -l m4sugar example.m4}
$1 = a, $@@ = [a],[b]
$1 = a,b, $@@ = [a,b]
$1 = [a],[b], $@@ = [[a],[b]]
@end example



@node Forbidden Patterns
@subsection Forbidden Patterns

M4sugar provides a means to define suspicious patterns, patterns
describing tokens which should not be found in the output.  For
instance, if an Autoconf @file{configure} script includes tokens such as
@samp{AC_DEFINE}, or @samp{dnl}, then most probably something went
wrong (typically a macro was not evaluated because of overquotation).

M4sugar forbids all the tokens matching @samp{^m4_} and @samp{^dnl$}.

@defmac m4_pattern_forbid (@var{pattern})
@msindex pattern_forbid
Declare that no token matching @var{pattern} must be found in the output.
Comments are not checked; this can be a problem if, for instance, you
have some macro left unexpanded after an @samp{#include}.  No consensus
is currently found in the Autoconf community, as some people consider it
should be valid to name macros in comments (which doesn't makes sense to
the author of this documentation, as @samp{#}-comments should document
the output, not the input, documented by @samp{dnl} comments).
@end defmac

Of course, you might encounter exceptions to these generic rules, for
instance you might have to refer to @samp{$m4_flags}.

@defmac m4_pattern_allow (@var{pattern})
@msindex pattern_allow
Any token matching @var{pattern} is allowed, including if it matches an
@code{m4_pattern_forbid} pattern.
@end defmac

@node Programming in M4sh
@section Programming in M4sh

@c FIXME: Eventually will become a chapter, as it is not related to
@c programming in M4 per se.

M4sh, pronounced ``mash'', is aiming at producing portable Bourne shell
scripts.  This name was coined by Lars J. Aas, who notes that,
according to the Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913):

@quotation
Mash \Mash\, n.  [Akin to G. meisch, maisch, meische, maische, mash,
wash, and prob.@: to AS.@: miscian to mix.  See ``Mix''.]

@enumerate 1
@item
A mass of mixed ingredients reduced to a soft pulpy state by beating or
pressure@enddots{}

@item
A mixture of meal or bran and water fed to animals.

@item
A mess; trouble.  [Obs.] --Beau.@: & Fl.
@end enumerate
@end quotation


For the time being, it is not mature enough to be widely used.

M4sh provides portable alternatives for some common shell constructs
that unfortunately are not portable in practice.

@defmac AS_DIRNAME (@var{pathname})
@msindex DIRNAME
Return the directory portion of @var{pathname}, using the algorithm
required by @acronym{POSIX}.  @xref{Limitations of Usual Tools}, for more
details about what this returns and why it is more portable than the
@command{dirname} command.
@end defmac

@defmac AS_MKDIR_P (@var{filename})
@msindex MKDIR_P
Make the directory @var{filename}, including intervening directories
as necessary.  This is equivalent to @samp{mkdir -p @var{filename}},
except that it is portable to older versions of @command{mkdir} that
lack support for the @option{-p} option.
@end defmac

@c=================================================== Writing Autoconf Macros.

@node Writing Autoconf Macros
@chapter Writing Autoconf Macros

When you write a feature test that could be applicable to more than one
software package, the best thing to do is encapsulate it in a new macro.
Here are some instructions and guidelines for writing Autoconf macros.

@menu
* Macro Definitions::           Basic format of an Autoconf macro
* Macro Names::                 What to call your new macros
* Reporting Messages::          Notifying @command{autoconf} users
* Dependencies Between Macros::  What to do when macros depend on other macros
* Obsoleting Macros::           Warning about old ways of doing things
* Coding Style::                Writing Autoconf macros @`a la Autoconf
@end menu

@node Macro Definitions
@section Macro Definitions

@acindex DEFUN
Autoconf macros are defined using the @code{AC_DEFUN} macro, which is
similar to the M4 builtin @code{m4_define} macro.  In addition to
defining a macro, @code{AC_DEFUN} adds to it some code that is used to
constrain the order in which macros are called (@pxref{Prerequisite
Macros}).

An Autoconf macro definition looks like this:

@example
AC_DEFUN(@var{macro-name}, @var{macro-body})
@end example

You can refer to any arguments passed to the macro as @samp{$1},
@samp{$2}, etc.  @xref{Definitions,, How to define new macros, m4.info,
@acronym{GNU} m4}, for more complete information on writing M4 macros.

Be sure to properly quote both the @var{macro-body} @emph{and} the
@var{macro-name} to avoid any problems if the macro happens to have
been previously defined.

Each macro should have a header comment that gives its prototype, and a
brief description.  When arguments have default values, display them in
the prototype.  For example:

@example
# AC_MSG_ERROR(ERROR, [EXIT-STATUS = 1])
# --------------------------------------
m4_define([AC_MSG_ERROR],
[@{ _AC_ECHO([configure: error: $1], 2); exit m4_default([$2], 1); @}])
@end example

Comments about the macro should be left in the header comment.  Most
other comments will make their way into @file{configure}, so just keep
using @samp{#} to introduce comments.

@cindex @code{dnl}
If you have some very special comments about pure M4 code, comments
that make no sense in @file{configure} and in the header comment, then
use the builtin @code{dnl}: it causes M4 to discard the text
through the next newline.

Keep in mind that @code{dnl} is rarely needed to introduce comments;
@code{dnl} is more useful to get rid of the newlines following macros
that produce no output, such as @code{AC_REQUIRE}.


@node Macro Names
@section Macro Names

All of the Autoconf macros have all-uppercase names starting with
@samp{AC_} to prevent them from accidentally conflicting with other
text.  All shell variables that they use for internal purposes have
mostly-lowercase names starting with @samp{ac_}.  To ensure that your
macros don't conflict with present or future Autoconf macros, you should
prefix your own macro names and any shell variables they use with some
other sequence.  Possibilities include your initials, or an abbreviation
for the name of your organization or software package.

Most of the Autoconf macros' names follow a structured naming convention
that indicates the kind of feature check by the name.  The macro names
consist of several words, separated by underscores, going from most
general to most specific.  The names of their cache variables use the
same convention (@pxref{Cache Variable Names}, for more information on
them).

The first word of the name after @samp{AC_} usually tells the category
of the feature being tested.  Here are the categories used in Autoconf for
specific test macros, the kind of macro that you are more likely to
write.  They are also used for cache variables, in all-lowercase.  Use
them where applicable; where they're not, invent your own categories.

@table @code
@item C
C language builtin features.
@item DECL
Declarations of C variables in header files.
@item FUNC
Functions in libraries.
@item GROUP
@sc{unix} group owners of files.
@item HEADER
Header files.
@item LIB
C libraries.
@item PATH
The full path names to files, including programs.
@item PROG
The base names of programs.
@item MEMBER
Members of aggregates.
@item SYS
Operating system features.
@item TYPE
C builtin or declared types.
@item VAR
C variables in libraries.
@end table

After the category comes the name of the particular feature being
tested.  Any further words in the macro name indicate particular aspects
of the feature.  For example, @code{AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL} checks the
behavior of the @code{utime} function when called with a @code{NULL}
pointer.

An internal macro should have a name that starts with an underscore;
Autoconf internals should therefore start with @samp{_AC_}.
Additionally, a macro that is an internal subroutine of another macro
should have a name that starts with an underscore and the name of that
other macro, followed by one or more words saying what the internal
macro does.  For example, @code{AC_PATH_X} has internal macros
@code{_AC_PATH_X_XMKMF} and @code{_AC_PATH_X_DIRECT}.

@node Reporting Messages
@section Reporting Messages
@cindex Messages, from @command{autoconf}

When macros statically diagnose abnormal situations, benign or fatal,
they should report them using these macros.  For dynamic issues, i.e.,
when @command{configure} is run, see @ref{Printing Messages}.

@defmac AC_DIAGNOSE (@var{category}, @var{message})
@acindex DIAGNOSE
Report @var{message} as a warning (or as an error if requested by the
user) if warnings of the @var{category} are turned on.  You are
encouraged to use standard categories, which currently include:

@table @samp
@item all
messages that don't fall into one of the following categories.  Use of an
empty @var{category} is equivalent.

@item cross
related to cross compilation issues.

@item obsolete
use of an obsolete construct.

@item syntax
dubious syntactic constructs, incorrectly ordered macro calls.
@end table
@end defmac

@defmac AC_WARNING (@var{message})
@acindex WARNING
Equivalent to @samp{AC_DIAGNOSE([syntax], @var{message})}, but you are
strongly encouraged to use a finer grained category.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FATAL (@var{message})
@acindex FATAL
Report a severe error @var{message}, and have @command{autoconf} die.
@end defmac

When the user runs @samp{autoconf -W error}, warnings from
@code{AC_DIAGNOSE} and @code{AC_WARNING} are reported as error, see
@ref{autoconf Invocation}.

@node Dependencies Between Macros
@section Dependencies Between Macros

Some Autoconf macros depend on other macros having been called first in
order to work correctly.  Autoconf provides a way to ensure that certain
macros are called if needed and a way to warn the user if macros are
called in an order that might cause incorrect operation.

@menu
* Prerequisite Macros::         Ensuring required information
* Suggested Ordering::          Warning about possible ordering problems
@end menu

@node Prerequisite Macros
@subsection Prerequisite Macros

A macro that you write might need to use values that have previously
been computed by other macros.  For example, @code{AC_DECL_YYTEXT}
examines the output of @code{flex} or @code{lex}, so it depends on
@code{AC_PROG_LEX} having been called first to set the shell variable
@code{LEX}.

Rather than forcing the user of the macros to keep track of the
dependencies between them, you can use the @code{AC_REQUIRE} macro to do
it automatically.  @code{AC_REQUIRE} can ensure that a macro is only
called if it is needed, and only called once.

@defmac AC_REQUIRE (@var{macro-name})
@acindex REQUIRE
If the M4 macro @var{macro-name} has not already been called, call it
(without any arguments).  Make sure to quote @var{macro-name} with
square brackets.  @var{macro-name} must have been defined using
@code{AC_DEFUN} or else contain a call to @code{AC_PROVIDE} to indicate
that it has been called.

@code{AC_REQUIRE} must be used inside an @code{AC_DEFUN}'d macro; it
must not be called from the top level.
@end defmac

@code{AC_REQUIRE} is often misunderstood.  It really implements
dependencies between macros in the sense that if one macro depends upon
another, the latter will be expanded @emph{before} the body of the
former.  In particular, @samp{AC_REQUIRE(FOO)} is not replaced with the
body of @code{FOO}.  For instance, this definition of macros:

@example
@group
AC_DEFUN([TRAVOLTA],
[test "$body_temperature_in_celsius" -gt "38" &&
  dance_floor=occupied])
AC_DEFUN([NEWTON_JOHN],
[test "$hair_style" = "curly" &&
  dance_floor=occupied])
@end group

@group
AC_DEFUN([RESERVE_DANCE_FLOOR],
[if date | grep '^Sat.*pm' >/dev/null 2>&1; then
  AC_REQUIRE([TRAVOLTA])
  AC_REQUIRE([NEWTON_JOHN])
fi])
@end group
@end example

@noindent
with this @file{configure.ac}

@example
AC_INIT
RESERVE_DANCE_FLOOR
if test "$dance_floor" = occupied; then
  AC_MSG_ERROR([cannot pick up here, let's move])
fi
@end example

@noindent
will not leave you with a better chance to meet a kindred soul at
other times than Saturday night since it expands into:

@example
@group
test "$body_temperature_in_Celsius" -gt "38" &&
  dance_floor=occupied
test "$hair_style" = "curly" &&
  dance_floor=occupied
fi
if date | grep '^Sat.*pm' >/dev/null 2>&1; then


fi
@end group
@end example

This behavior was chosen on purpose: (i) it prevents messages in
required macros from interrupting the messages in the requiring macros;
(ii) it avoids bad surprises when shell conditionals are used, as in:

@example
@group
if @dots{}; then
  AC_REQUIRE([SOME_CHECK])
fi
@dots{}
SOME_CHECK
@end group
@end example


You are encouraged to put all @code{AC_REQUIRE}s at the beginning of a
macro.  You can use @code{dnl} to avoid the empty lines they leave.

@node Suggested Ordering
@subsection Suggested Ordering

Some macros should be run before another macro if both are called, but
neither @emph{requires} that the other be called.  For example, a macro
that changes the behavior of the C compiler should be called before any
macros that run the C compiler.  Many of these dependencies are noted in
the documentation.

Autoconf provides the @code{AC_BEFORE} macro to warn users when macros
with this kind of dependency appear out of order in a
@file{configure.ac} file.  The warning occurs when creating
@command{configure} from @file{configure.ac}, not when running
@command{configure}.

For example, @code{AC_PROG_CPP} checks whether the C compiler
can run the C preprocessor when given the @option{-E} option.  It should
therefore be called after any macros that change which C compiler is
being used, such as @code{AC_PROG_CC}.  So @code{AC_PROG_CC} contains:

@example
AC_BEFORE([$0], [AC_PROG_CPP])dnl
@end example

@noindent
This warns the user if a call to @code{AC_PROG_CPP} has already occurred
when @code{AC_PROG_CC} is called.

@defmac AC_BEFORE (@var{this-macro-name}, @var{called-macro-name})
@acindex BEFORE
Make M4 print a warning message to the standard error output if
@var{called-macro-name} has already been called.  @var{this-macro-name}
should be the name of the macro that is calling @code{AC_BEFORE}.  The
macro @var{called-macro-name} must have been defined using
@code{AC_DEFUN} or else contain a call to @code{AC_PROVIDE} to indicate
that it has been called.
@end defmac

@node Obsoleting Macros
@section Obsoleting Macros

Configuration and portability technology has evolved over the years.
Often better ways of solving a particular problem are developed, or
ad-hoc approaches are systematized.  This process has occurred in many
parts of Autoconf.  One result is that some of the macros are now
considered @dfn{obsolete}; they still work, but are no longer considered
the best thing to do, hence they should be replaced with more modern
macros.  Ideally, @command{autoupdate} should replace the old macro calls
with their modern implementation.

Autoconf provides a simple means to obsolete a macro.

@defmac AU_DEFUN (@var{old-macro}, @var{implementation}, @ovar{message})
@acindex DEFUN
@acindex AU_DEFUN
Define @var{old-macro} as @var{implementation}.  The only difference
with @code{AC_DEFUN} is that the user will be warned that
@var{old-macro} is now obsolete.

If she then uses @command{autoupdate}, the call to @var{old-macro} will be
replaced by the modern @var{implementation}.  The additional
@var{message} is then printed.
@end defmac

@node Coding Style
@section Coding Style

The Autoconf macros follow a strict coding style.  You are encouraged to
follow this style, especially if you intend to distribute your macro,
either by contributing it to Autoconf itself, or via other means.

The first requirement is to pay great attention to the quotation.  For
more details, see @ref{Autoconf Language}, and @ref{M4 Quotation}.

Do not try to invent new interfaces.  It is likely that there is a macro
in Autoconf that resembles the macro you are defining: try to stick to
this existing interface (order of arguments, default values, etc.).  We
@emph{are} conscious that some of these interfaces are not perfect;
nevertheless, when harmless, homogeneity should be preferred over
creativity.

Be careful about clashes both between M4 symbols and between shell
variables.

If you stick to the suggested M4 naming scheme (@pxref{Macro Names}),
you are unlikely to generate conflicts.  Nevertheless, when you need to
set a special value, @emph{avoid using a regular macro name}; rather,
use an ``impossible'' name.  For instance, up to version 2.13, the macro
@code{AC_SUBST} used to remember what @var{symbol}s were already defined
by setting @code{AC_SUBST_@var{symbol}}, which is a regular macro name.
But since there is a macro named @code{AC_SUBST_FILE}, it was just
impossible to @samp{AC_SUBST(FILE)}!  In this case,
@code{AC_SUBST(@var{symbol})} or @code{_AC_SUBST(@var{symbol})} should
have been used (yes, with the parentheses)@dots{}or better yet, high-level
macros such as @code{AC_EXPAND_ONCE}.

No Autoconf macro should ever enter the user-variable name space; i.e.,
except for the variables that are the actual result of running the
macro, all shell variables should start with @code{ac_}.  In
addition, small macros or any macro that is likely to be embedded in
other macros should be careful not to use obvious names.

@cindex @code{dnl}
Do not use @code{dnl} to introduce comments: most of the comments you
are likely to write are either header comments which are not output
anyway, or comments that should make their way into @file{configure}.
There are exceptional cases where you do want to comment special M4
constructs, in which case @code{dnl} is right, but keep in mind that it
is unlikely.

M4 ignores the leading spaces before each argument, use this feature to
indent in such a way that arguments are (more or less) aligned with the
opening parenthesis of the macro being called.  For instance, instead of

@example
AC_CACHE_CHECK(for EMX OS/2 environment,
ac_cv_emxos2,
[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(, [return __EMX__;])],
[ac_cv_emxos2=yes], [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])
@end example

@noindent
write

@example
AC_CACHE_CHECK([for EMX OS/2 environment], [ac_cv_emxos2],
[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([], [return __EMX__;])],
                   [ac_cv_emxos2=yes],
                   [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])
@end example

@noindent
or even

@example
AC_CACHE_CHECK([for EMX OS/2 environment],
               [ac_cv_emxos2],
               [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([],
                                                   [return __EMX__;])],
                                  [ac_cv_emxos2=yes],
                                  [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])
@end example

When using @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE} or any macro that cannot work when
cross-compiling, provide a pessimistic value (typically @samp{no}).

Feel free to use various tricks to prevent auxiliary tools, such as
syntax-highlighting editors, from behaving improperly.  For instance,
instead of:

@example
m4_bpatsubst([$1], [$"])
@end example

@noindent
use

@example
m4_bpatsubst([$1], [$""])
@end example

@noindent
so that Emacsen do not open an endless ``string'' at the first quote.
For the same reasons, avoid:

@example
test $[#] != 0
@end example

@noindent
and use:

@example
test $[@@%:@@] != 0
@end example

@noindent
Otherwise, the closing bracket would be hidden inside a @samp{#}-comment,
breaking the bracket-matching highlighting from Emacsen.  Note the
preferred style to escape from M4: @samp{$[1]}, @samp{$[@@]}, etc.  Do
not escape when it is unnecessary.  Common examples of useless quotation
are @samp{[$]$1} (write @samp{$$1}), @samp{[$]var} (use @samp{$var}),
etc.  If you add portability issues to the picture, you'll prefer
@samp{$@{1+"$[@@]"@}} to @samp{"[$]@@"}, and you'll prefer do something
better than hacking Autoconf @code{:-)}.

When using @command{sed}, don't use @option{-e} except for indenting
purpose.  With the @code{s} command, the preferred separator is @samp{/}
unless @samp{/} itself is used in the command, in which case you should
use @samp{,}.

@xref{Macro Definitions}, for details on how to define a macro.  If a
macro doesn't use @code{AC_REQUIRE} and it is expected to never be the
object of an @code{AC_REQUIRE} directive, then use @code{m4_define}.  In
case of doubt, use @code{AC_DEFUN}.  All the @code{AC_REQUIRE}
statements should be at the beginning of the macro, @code{dnl}'ed.

You should not rely on the number of arguments: instead of checking
whether an argument is missing, test that it is not empty.  It provides
both a simpler and a more predictable interface to the user, and saves
room for further arguments.

Unless the macro is short, try to leave the closing @samp{])} at the
beginning of a line, followed by a comment that repeats the name of the
macro being defined.  This introduces an additional newline in
@command{configure}; normally, that is not a problem, but if you want to
remove it you can use @samp{[]dnl} on the last line.  You can similarly
use @samp{[]dnl} after a macro call to remove its newline.  @samp{[]dnl}
is recommended instead of @samp{dnl} to ensure that M4 does not
interpret the @samp{dnl} as being attached to the preceding text or
macro output.  For example, instead of:

@example
AC_DEFUN([AC_PATH_X],
[AC_MSG_CHECKING([for X])
AC_REQUIRE_CPP()
@r{# @dots{}omitted@dots{}}
  AC_MSG_RESULT([libraries $x_libraries, headers $x_includes])
fi])
@end example

@noindent
you would write:

@example
AC_DEFUN([AC_PATH_X],
[AC_REQUIRE_CPP()[]dnl
AC_MSG_CHECKING([for X])
@r{# @dots{}omitted@dots{}}
  AC_MSG_RESULT([libraries $x_libraries, headers $x_includes])
fi[]dnl
])# AC_PATH_X
@end example

If the macro is long, try to split it into logical chunks.  Typically,
macros that check for a bug in a function and prepare its
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} replacement should have an auxiliary macro to perform
this setup.  Do not hesitate to introduce auxiliary macros to factor
your code.

In order to highlight the recommended coding style, here is a macro
written the old way:

@example
dnl Check for EMX on OS/2.
dnl _AC_EMXOS2
AC_DEFUN(_AC_EMXOS2,
[AC_CACHE_CHECK(for EMX OS/2 environment, ac_cv_emxos2,
[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(, return __EMX__;)],
ac_cv_emxos2=yes, ac_cv_emxos2=no)])
test "$ac_cv_emxos2" = yes && EMXOS2=yes])
@end example

@noindent
and the new way:

@example
# _AC_EMXOS2
# ----------
# Check for EMX on OS/2.
m4_define([_AC_EMXOS2],
[AC_CACHE_CHECK([for EMX OS/2 environment], [ac_cv_emxos2],
[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([], [return __EMX__;])],
                   [ac_cv_emxos2=yes],
                   [ac_cv_emxos2=no])])
test "$ac_cv_emxos2" = yes && EMXOS2=yes[]dnl
])# _AC_EMXOS2
@end example




@c ============================================= Portable Shell Programming

@node Portable Shell
@chapter Portable Shell Programming

When writing your own checks, there are some shell-script programming
techniques you should avoid in order to make your code portable.  The
Bourne shell and upward-compatible shells like the Korn shell and Bash
have evolved over the years, but to prevent trouble, do not take
advantage of features that were added after @sc{unix} version 7, circa
1977 (@pxref{Systemology}).

You should not use shell functions, aliases, negated character
classes, or other features that are not found in all Bourne-compatible
shells; restrict yourself to the lowest common denominator.  Even
@code{unset} is not supported by all shells!  Also, include a space
after the exclamation point in interpreter specifications, like this:

@example
#! /usr/bin/perl
@end example

@noindent
If you omit the space before the path, then 4.2@acronym{BSD} based systems
(such as DYNIX) will ignore the line, because they interpret
@samp{#! /} as a 4-byte magic number.  Some old systems have quite
small limits on the length of the @samp{#!} line too, for instance 32
bytes (not including the newline) on SunOS 4.

The set of external programs you should run in a @command{configure} script
is fairly small.  @xref{Utilities in Makefiles,, Utilities in
Makefiles, standards, @acronym{GNU} Coding Standards}, for the list.  This
restriction allows users to start out with a fairly small set of
programs and build the rest, avoiding too many interdependencies between
packages.

Some of these external utilities have a portable subset of features; see
@ref{Limitations of Usual Tools}.

There are other sources of documentation about shells.  See for instance
@href{http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/, the Shell FAQs}.

@menu
* Shellology::                  A zoology of shells
* Here-Documents::              Quirks and tricks
* File Descriptors::            FDs and redirections
* File System Conventions::     File- and pathnames
* Shell Substitutions::         Variable and command expansions
* Assignments::                 Varying side effects of assignments
* Special Shell Variables::     Variables you should not change
* Limitations of Builtins::     Portable use of not so portable /bin/sh
* Limitations of Usual Tools::  Portable use of portable tools
* Limitations of Make::         Portable Makefiles
@end menu

@node Shellology
@section Shellology

There are several families of shells, most prominently the Bourne family
and the C shell family which are deeply incompatible.  If you want to
write portable shell scripts, avoid members of the C shell family.  The
@href{http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/shell-differences/, the
Shell difference FAQ} includes a small history of Unix shells, and a
comparison between several of them.

Below we describe some of the members of the Bourne shell family.

@table @asis
@item Ash
@cindex Ash
@command{ash} is often used on @acronym{GNU}/Linux and @acronym{BSD}
systems as a light-weight Bourne-compatible shell.  Ash 0.2 has some
bugs that are fixed in the 0.3.x series, but portable shell scripts
should work around them, since version 0.2 is still shipped with many
@acronym{GNU}/Linux distributions.

To be compatible with Ash 0.2:

@itemize @minus
@item
don't use @samp{$?} after expanding empty or unset variables:

@example
foo=
false
$foo
echo "Don't use it: $?"
@end example

@item
don't use command substitution within variable expansion:

@example
cat $@{FOO=`bar`@}
@end example

@item
beware that single builtin substitutions are not performed by a
subshell, hence their effect applies to the current shell!  @xref{Shell
Substitutions}, item ``Command Substitution''.
@end itemize

@item Bash
@cindex Bash
To detect whether you are running @command{bash}, test if
@code{BASH_VERSION} is set.  To disable its extensions and require
@acronym{POSIX} compatibility, run @samp{set -o posix}.  @xref{Bash POSIX
Mode,, Bash @acronym{POSIX} Mode, bash, The @acronym{GNU} Bash Reference
Manual}, for details.

@item Bash 2.05 and later
@cindex Bash 2.05 and later
Versions 2.05 and later of @command{bash} use a different format for the
output of the @command{set} builtin, designed to make evaluating its
output easier.  However, this output is not compatible with earlier
versions of @command{bash} (or with many other shells, probably).  So if
you use @command{bash} 2.05 or higher to execute @command{configure},
you'll need to use @command{bash} 2.05 for all other build tasks as well.

@item @command{/usr/xpg4/bin/sh} on Solaris
@prindex @command{/usr/xpg4/bin/sh} on Solaris
The @acronym{POSIX}-compliant Bourne shell on a Solaris system is
@command{/usr/xpg4/bin/sh} and is part of an extra optional package.
There is no extra charge for this package, but it is also not part of a
minimal OS install and therefore some folks may not have it.

@item Zsh
@cindex Zsh
To detect whether you are running @command{zsh}, test if
@code{ZSH_VERSION} is set.  By default @command{zsh} is @emph{not}
compatible with the Bourne shell: you have to run @samp{emulate sh} and
set @code{NULLCMD} to @samp{:}.  @xref{Compatibility,, Compatibility,
zsh, The Z Shell Manual}, for details.

Zsh 3.0.8 is the native @command{/bin/sh} on Mac OS X 10.0.3.
@end table

The following discussion between Russ Allbery and Robert Lipe is worth
reading:

@noindent
Russ Allbery:

@quotation
The @acronym{GNU} assumption that @command{/bin/sh} is the one and only shell
leads to a permanent deadlock.  Vendors don't want to break users'
existing shell scripts, and there are some corner cases in the Bourne
shell that are not completely compatible with a @acronym{POSIX} shell.  Thus,
vendors who have taken this route will @emph{never} (OK@dots{}``never say
never'') replace the Bourne shell (as @command{/bin/sh}) with a
@acronym{POSIX} shell.
@end quotation

@noindent
Robert Lipe:

@quotation
This is exactly the problem.  While most (at least most System V's) do
have a Bourne shell that accepts shell functions most vendor
@command{/bin/sh} programs are not the @acronym{POSIX} shell.

So while most modern systems do have a shell @emph{somewhere} that meets the
@acronym{POSIX} standard, the challenge is to find it.
@end quotation

@node Here-Documents
@section Here-Documents

Don't rely on @samp{\} being preserved just because it has no special
meaning together with the next symbol.  In the native @command{/bin/sh}
on Open@acronym{BSD} 2.7 @samp{\"} expands to @samp{"} in here-documents with
unquoted delimiter.  As a general rule, if @samp{\\} expands to @samp{\}
use @samp{\\} to get @samp{\}.

With Open@acronym{BSD} 2.7's @command{/bin/sh}

@example
@group
$ @kbd{cat <<EOF
> \" \\
> EOF}
" \
@end group
@end example

@noindent
and with Bash:

@example
@group
bash-2.04$ @kbd{cat <<EOF
> \" \\
> EOF}
\" \
@end group
@end example


Many older shells (including the Bourne shell) implement here-documents
inefficiently.  And some shells mishandle large here-documents: for
example, Solaris 8 @command{dtksh}, which is derived from
@command{ksh} M-12/28/93d, mishandles variable expansion that occurs
on 1024-byte buffer boundaries within a here-document.  Users can
generally fix these problems by using a faster or more reliable
shell, e.g., by using the command @samp{bash ./configure} rather than
plain @samp{./configure}.

Some shells can be extremely inefficient when there are a lot of
here-documents inside a single statement.  For instance if your
@file{configure.ac} includes something like:

@example
@group
if <cross_compiling>; then
  assume this and that
else
  check this
  check that
  check something else
  @dots{}
  on and on forever
  @dots{}
fi
@end group
@end example

A shell parses the whole @code{if}/@code{fi} construct, creating
temporary files for each here document in it.  Some shells create links
for such here-documents on every @code{fork}, so that the clean-up code
they had installed correctly removes them.  It is creating the links
that can take the shell forever.

Moving the tests out of the @code{if}/@code{fi}, or creating multiple
@code{if}/@code{fi} constructs, would improve the performance
significantly.  Anyway, this kind of construct is not exactly the
typical use of Autoconf.  In fact, it's even not recommended, because M4
macros can't look into shell conditionals, so we may fail to expand a
macro when it was expanded before in a conditional path, and the
condition turned out to be false at run-time, and we end up not
executing the macro at all.

@node File Descriptors
@section File Descriptors

Some file descriptors shall not be used, since some systems, admittedly
arcane, use them for special purpose:

@display
3 --- some systems may open it to @samp{/dev/tty}.
4 --- used on the Kubota Titan.
@end display

Don't redirect the same file descriptor several times, as you are doomed
to failure under Ultrix.

@example
ULTRIX V4.4 (Rev. 69) System #31: Thu Aug 10 19:42:23 GMT 1995
UWS V4.4 (Rev. 11)
$ @kbd{eval 'echo matter >fullness' >void}
illegal io
$ @kbd{eval '(echo matter >fullness)' >void}
illegal io
$ @kbd{(eval '(echo matter >fullness)') >void}
Ambiguous output redirect.
@end example

@noindent
In each case the expected result is of course @file{fullness} containing
@samp{matter} and @file{void} being empty.

Don't try to redirect the standard error of a command substitution: it
must be done @emph{inside} the command substitution: when running
@samp{: `cd /zorglub` 2>/dev/null} expect the error message to
escape, while @samp{: `cd /zorglub 2>/dev/null`} works properly.

It is worth noting that Zsh (but not Ash nor Bash) makes it possible
in assignments though: @samp{foo=`cd /zorglub` 2>/dev/null}.

Most shells, if not all (including Bash, Zsh, Ash), output traces on
stderr, even for sub-shells.  This might result in undesirable content
if you meant to capture the standard-error output of the inner command:

@example
$ @kbd{ash -x -c '(eval "echo foo >&2") 2>stderr'}
$ @kbd{cat stderr}
+ eval echo foo >&2
+ echo foo
foo
$ @kbd{bash -x -c '(eval "echo foo >&2") 2>stderr'}
$ @kbd{cat stderr}
+ eval 'echo foo >&2'
++ echo foo
foo
$ @kbd{zsh -x -c '(eval "echo foo >&2") 2>stderr'}
@i{# Traces on startup files deleted here.}
$ @kbd{cat stderr}
+zsh:1> eval echo foo >&2
+zsh:1> echo foo
foo
@end example

@noindent
You'll appreciate the various levels of detail@enddots{}

One workaround is to grep out uninteresting lines, hoping not to remove
good ones@enddots{}

Don't try to move/delete open files, such as in @samp{exec >foo; mv foo
bar}; see @ref{Limitations of Builtins}, @command{mv} for more details.

@node File System Conventions
@section File System Conventions

While @command{autoconf} and friends will usually be run on some Unix
variety, it can and will be used on other systems, most notably @acronym{DOS}
variants.  This impacts several assumptions regarding file and
path names.

@noindent
For example, the following code:

@example
case $foo_dir in
  /*) # Absolute
     ;;
  *)
     foo_dir=$dots$foo_dir ;;
esac
@end example

@noindent
will fail to properly detect absolute paths on those systems, because
they can use a drivespec, and will usually use a backslash as directory
separator.  The canonical way to check for absolute paths is:

@example
case $foo_dir in
  [\\/]* | ?:[\\/]* ) # Absolute
     ;;
  *)
     foo_dir=$dots$foo_dir ;;
esac
@end example

@noindent
Make sure you quote the brackets if appropriate and keep the backslash as
first character (@pxref{Limitations of Builtins}).

Also, because the colon is used as part of a drivespec, these systems don't
use it as path separator.  When creating or accessing paths, use the
@code{PATH_SEPARATOR} output variable instead.  @command{configure} sets this
to the appropriate value (@samp{:} or @samp{;}) when it starts up.

File names need extra care as well.  While @acronym{DOS}-based environments
that are Unixy enough to run @command{autoconf} (such as DJGPP) will
usually be able to handle long file names properly, there are still
limitations that can seriously break packages.  Several of these issues
can be easily detected by the
@href{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/non-gnu/doschk/doschk-1.1.tar.gz, doschk}
package.

A short overview follows; problems are marked with @sc{sfn}/@sc{lfn} to
indicate where they apply: @sc{sfn} means the issues are only relevant to
plain @acronym{DOS}, not to @acronym{DOS} boxes under Windows, while @sc{lfn}
identifies problems that exist even under Windows.

@table @asis
@item No multiple dots (@sc{sfn})
@acronym{DOS} cannot handle multiple dots in filenames.  This is an especially
important thing to remember when building a portable configure script,
as @command{autoconf} uses a .in suffix for template files.

This is perfectly OK on Unices:

@example
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([source.c foo.bar])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

@noindent
but it causes problems on @acronym{DOS}, as it requires @samp{config.h.in},
@samp{source.c.in} and @samp{foo.bar.in}.  To make your package more portable
to @acronym{DOS}-based environments, you should use this instead:

@example
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h:config.hin])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([source.c:source.cin foo.bar:foobar.in])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

@item No leading dot (@sc{sfn})
@acronym{DOS} cannot handle filenames that start with a dot.  This is usually
not a very important issue for @command{autoconf}.

@item Case insensitivity (@sc{lfn})
@acronym{DOS} is case insensitive, so you cannot, for example, have both a
file called @samp{INSTALL} and a directory called @samp{install}.  This
also affects @command{make}; if there's a file called @samp{INSTALL} in
the directory, @samp{make install} will do nothing (unless the
@samp{install} target is marked as PHONY).

@item The 8+3 limit (@sc{sfn})
Because the @acronym{DOS} file system only stores the first 8 characters of
the filename and the first 3 of the extension, those must be unique.
That means that @file{foobar-part1.c}, @file{foobar-part2.c} and
@file{foobar-prettybird.c} all resolve to the same filename
(@file{FOOBAR-P.C}).  The same goes for @file{foo.bar} and
@file{foo.bartender}.

Note: This is not usually a problem under Windows, as it uses numeric
tails in the short version of filenames to make them unique.  However, a
registry setting can turn this behavior off.  While this makes it
possible to share file trees containing long file names between @sc{sfn}
and @sc{lfn} environments, it also means the above problem applies there
as well.

@item Invalid characters
Some characters are invalid in @acronym{DOS} filenames, and should therefore
be avoided.  In a @sc{lfn} environment, these are @samp{/}, @samp{\},
@samp{?}, @samp{*}, @samp{:}, @samp{<}, @samp{>}, @samp{|} and @samp{"}.
In a @sc{sfn} environment, other characters are also invalid.  These
include @samp{+}, @samp{,}, @samp{[} and @samp{]}.
@end table

@node Shell Substitutions
@section Shell Substitutions

Contrary to a persistent urban legend, the Bourne shell does not
systematically split variables and back-quoted expressions, in particular
on the right-hand side of assignments and in the argument of @code{case}.
For instance, the following code:

@example
case "$given_srcdir" in
.)  top_srcdir="`echo "$dots" | sed 's,/$,,'`"
*)  top_srcdir="$dots$given_srcdir" ;;
esac
@end example

@noindent
is more readable when written as:

@example
case $given_srcdir in
.)  top_srcdir=`echo "$dots" | sed 's,/$,,'`
*)  top_srcdir=$dots$given_srcdir ;;
esac
@end example

@noindent
and in fact it is even @emph{more} portable: in the first case of the
first attempt, the computation of @code{top_srcdir} is not portable,
since not all shells properly understand @code{"`@dots{}"@dots{}"@dots{}`"}.
Worse yet, not all shells understand @code{"`@dots{}\"@dots{}\"@dots{}`"}
the same way.  There is just no portable way to use double-quoted
strings inside double-quoted back-quoted expressions (pfew!).

@table @code
@item $@@
@cindex @samp{"$@@"}
One of the most famous shell-portability issues is related to
@samp{"$@@"}.  When there are no positional arguments, @acronym{POSIX} says
that @samp{"$@@"} is supposed to be equivalent to nothing, but the
original Unix Version 7 Bourne shell treated it as equivalent to
@samp{""} instead, and this behavior survives in later implementations
like Digital Unix 5.0.

The traditional way to work around this portability problem is to use
@samp{$@{1+"$@@"@}}.  Unfortunately this method does not work with
Zsh (3.x and 4.x), which is used on Mac OS X.  When emulating
the Bourne shell, Zsh performs word splitting on @samp{$@{1+"$@@"@}}:

@example
zsh $ @kbd{emulate sh}
zsh $ @kbd{for i in "$@@"; do echo $i; done}
Hello World
!
zsh $ @kbd{for i in $@{1+"$@@"@}; do echo $i; done}
Hello
World
!
@end example

@noindent
Zsh handles plain @samp{"$@@"} properly, but we can't use plain
@samp{"$@@"} because of the portability problems mentioned above.
One workaround relies on Zsh's ``global aliases'' to convert
@samp{$@{1+"$@@"@}} into @samp{"$@@"} by itself:

@example
test "$@{ZSH_VERSION+set@}" = set && alias -g '$@{1+"$@@"@}'='"$@@"'
@end example

A more conservative workaround is to avoid @samp{"$@@"} if it is
possible that there may be no positional arguments.  For example,
instead of:

@example
cat conftest.c "$@@"
@end example

you can use this instead:

@example
case $# in
0) cat conftest.c;;
*) cat conftest.c "$@@";;
esac
@end example

@item $@{@var{var}:-@var{value}@}
@c Info cannot handle `:' in index entries.
@c @cindex $@{@var{var}:-@var{value}@}
Old @acronym{BSD} shells, including the Ultrix @code{sh}, don't accept the
colon for any shell substitution, and complain and die.

@item $@{@var{var}=@var{literal}@}
@cindex $@{@var{var}=@var{literal}@}
Be sure to quote:

@example
: $@{var='Some words'@}
@end example

@noindent
otherwise some shells, such as on Digital Unix V 5.0, will die because
of a ``bad substitution''.

@sp 1

Solaris' @command{/bin/sh} has a frightening bug in its interpretation
of this.  Imagine you need set a variable to a string containing
@samp{@}}.  This @samp{@}} character confuses Solaris' @command{/bin/sh}
when the affected variable was already set.  This bug can be exercised
by running:

@example
$ @kbd{unset foo}
$ @kbd{foo=$@{foo='@}'@}}
$ @kbd{echo $foo}
@}
$ @kbd{foo=$@{foo='@}'   # no error; this hints to what the bug is}
$ @kbd{echo $foo}
@}
$ @kbd{foo=$@{foo='@}'@}}
$ @kbd{echo $foo}
@}@}
 ^ ugh!
@end example

It seems that @samp{@}} is interpreted as matching @samp{$@{}, even
though it is enclosed in single quotes.  The problem doesn't happen
using double quotes.

@item $@{@var{var}=@var{expanded-value}@}
@cindex $@{@var{var}=@var{expanded-value}@}
On Ultrix,
running

@example
default="yu,yaa"
: $@{var="$default"@}
@end example

@noindent
will set @var{var} to @samp{M-yM-uM-,M-yM-aM-a}, i.e., the 8th bit of
each char will be set.  You won't observe the phenomenon using a simple
@samp{echo $var} since apparently the shell resets the 8th bit when it
expands $var.  Here are two means to make this shell confess its sins:

@example
$ @kbd{cat -v <<EOF
$var
EOF}
@end example

@noindent
and

@example
$ @kbd{set | grep '^var=' | cat -v}
@end example

One classic incarnation of this bug is:

@example
default="a b c"
: $@{list="$default"@}
for c in $list; do
  echo $c
done
@end example

@noindent
You'll get @samp{a b c} on a single line.  Why?  Because there are no
spaces in @samp{$list}: there are @samp{M- }, i.e., spaces with the 8th
bit set, hence no IFS splitting is performed!!!

One piece of good news is that Ultrix works fine with @samp{:
$@{list=$default@}}; i.e., if you @emph{don't} quote.  The bad news is
then that @acronym{QNX} 4.25 then sets @var{list} to the @emph{last} item of
@var{default}!

The portable way out consists in using a double assignment, to switch
the 8th bit twice on Ultrix:

@example
list=$@{list="$default"@}
@end example

@noindent
@dots{}but beware of the @samp{@}} bug from Solaris (see above).  For safety,
use:

@example
test "$@{var+set@}" = set || var=@var{@{value@}}
@end example


@item `@var{commands}`
@cindex `@var{commands}`
@cindex Command Substitution
While in general it makes no sense, do not substitute a single builtin
with side effects, becauase Ash 0.2, trying to optimize, does not fork a
subshell to perform the command.

For instance, if you wanted to check that @command{cd} is silent, do not
use @samp{test -z "`cd /`"} because the following can happen:

@example
$ @kbd{pwd}
/tmp
$ @kbd{test -n "`cd /`" && pwd}
/
@end example

@noindent
The result of @samp{foo=`exit 1`} is left as an exercise to the reader.


@item $(@var{commands})
@cindex $(@var{commands})
This construct is meant to replace @samp{`@var{commands}`}; they can be
nested while this is impossible to do portably with back quotes.
Unfortunately it is not yet widely supported.  Most notably, even recent
releases of Solaris don't support it:

@example
$ @kbd{showrev -c /bin/sh | grep version}
Command version: SunOS 5.8 Generic 109324-02 February 2001
$ @kbd{echo $(echo blah)}
syntax error: `(' unexpected
@end example

@noindent
nor does @sc{irix} 6.5's Bourne shell:
@example
$ @kbd{uname -a}
IRIX firebird-image 6.5 07151432 IP22
$ @kbd{echo $(echo blah)}
$(echo blah)
@end example
@end table


@node Assignments
@section Assignments

When setting several variables in a row, be aware that the order of the
evaluation is undefined.  For instance @samp{foo=1 foo=2; echo $foo}
gives @samp{1} with sh on Solaris, but @samp{2} with Bash.  You must use
@samp{;} to enforce the order: @samp{foo=1; foo=2; echo $foo}.

Don't rely on the following to find @file{subdir/program}:

@example
PATH=subdir$PATH_SEPARATOR$PATH program
@end example

@noindent
as this does not work with Zsh 3.0.6.  Use something like this
instead:

@example
(PATH=subdir$PATH_SEPARATOR$PATH; export PATH; exec program)
@end example

Don't rely on the exit status of an assignment: Ash 0.2 does not change
the status and propagates that of the last statement:

@example
$ @kbd{false || foo=bar; echo $?}
1
$ @kbd{false || foo=`:`; echo $?}
0
@end example

@noindent
and to make things even worse, @acronym{QNX} 4.25 just sets the exit status
to 0 in any case:

@example
$ @kbd{foo=`exit 1`; echo $?}
0
@end example

To assign default values, follow this algorithm:

@enumerate
@item
If the default value is a literal and does not contain any closing
brace, use:

@example
: $@{var='my literal'@}
@end example

@item
If the default value contains no closing brace, has to be expanded, and
the variable being initialized will never be IFS-split (i.e., it's not a
list), then use:

@example
: $@{var="$default"@}
@end example

@item
If the default value contains no closing brace, has to be expanded, and
the variable being initialized will be IFS-split (i.e., it's a list),
then use:

@example
var=$@{var="$default"@}
@end example

@item
If the default value contains a closing brace, then use:

@example
test "$@{var+set@}" = set || var='$@{indirection@}'
@end example
@end enumerate

In most cases @samp{var=$@{var="$default"@}} is fine, but in case of
doubt, just use the latter.  @xref{Shell Substitutions}, items
@samp{$@{@var{var}:-@var{value}@}} and @samp{$@{@var{var}=@var{value}@}}
for the rationale.


@node Special Shell Variables
@section Special Shell Variables

Some shell variables should not be used, since they can have a deep
influence on the behavior of the shell.  In order to recover a sane
behavior from the shell, some variables should be unset, but
@command{unset} is not portable (@pxref{Limitations of Builtins}) and a
fallback value is needed.  We list these values below.

@c Alphabetical order, case insensitive, `A' before `a'.
@table @code
@item CDPATH
@evindex CDPATH
When this variable is set it specifies a list of directories to search
when invoking @code{cd} with a relative filename.  @acronym{POSIX}
1003.1-2001 says that if a nonempty directory name from @code{CDPATH}
is used successfully, @code{cd} prints the resulting absolute
filename.  Unfortunately this output can break idioms like
@samp{abs=`cd src && pwd`} because @code{abs} receives the path twice.
Also, many shells do not conform to this part of @acronym{POSIX}; for
example, @command{zsh} prints the result only if a directory name
other than @file{.} was chosen from @code{CDPATH}.

In practice the shells that have this problem also support
@command{unset}, so you can work around the problem as follows:

@example
(unset CDPATH) >/dev/null 2>&1 && unset CDPATH
@end example

Autoconf-generated scripts automatically unset @code{CDPATH} if
possible, so you need not worry about this problem in those scripts.

@item IFS
@evindex IFS
Don't set the first character of @code{IFS} to backslash.  Indeed,
Bourne shells use the first character (backslash) when joining the
components in @samp{"$@@"} and some shells then re-interpret (!) the
backslash escapes, so you can end up with backspace and other strange
characters.

The proper value for @code{IFS} (in regular code, not when performing
splits) is @samp{@key{SPC}@key{TAB}@key{RET}}.  The first character is
especially important, as it is used to join the arguments in @samp{@@*}.

@item LANG
@itemx LC_ALL
@itemx LC_COLLATE
@itemx LC_CTYPE
@itemx LC_MESSAGES
@itemx LC_MONETARY
@itemx LC_NUMERIC
@itemx LC_TIME
@evindex LANG
@evindex LC_ALL
@evindex LC_COLLATE
@evindex LC_CTYPE
@evindex LC_MESSAGES
@evindex LC_MONETARY
@evindex LC_NUMERIC
@evindex LC_TIME

Autoconf-generated scripts normally set all these variables to
@samp{C} because so much configuration code assumes the C locale and
@acronym{POSIX} requires that locale environment variables be set to
@samp{C} if the C locale is desired.  However, some older, nonstandard
systems (notably @acronym{SCO}) break if locale environment variables
are set to @samp{C}, so when running on these systems
Autoconf-generated scripts unset the variables instead.

@item LANGUAGE
@evindex LANGUAGE

@env{LANGUAGE} is not specified by @acronym{POSIX}, but it is a @acronym{GNU}
extension that overrides @env{LC_ALL} in some cases, so
Autoconf-generated scripts set it too.

@item LC_ADDRESS
@itemx LC_IDENTIFICATION
@itemx LC_MEASUREMENT
@itemx LC_NAME
@itemx LC_PAPER
@itemx LC_TELEPHONE
@evindex LC_ADDRESS
@evindex LC_IDENTIFICATION
@evindex LC_MEASUREMENT
@evindex LC_NAME
@evindex LC_PAPER
@evindex LC_TELEPHONE

These locale environment variables are @acronym{GNU} extensions.  They
are treated like their @acronym{POSIX} brethren (@env{LC_COLLATE},
etc.)@: as described above.

@item LINENO
@evindex LINENO
Most modern shells provide the current line number in @code{LINENO}.
Its value is the line number of the beginning of the current command.
Autoconf attempts to execute @command{configure} with a modern shell.
If no such shell is available, it attempts to implement @code{LINENO}
with a Sed prepass that replaces each instance of the string
@code{$LINENO} (not followed by an alphanumeric character) with the
line's number.

You should not rely on @code{LINENO} within @command{eval}, as the
behavior differs in practice.  Also, the possibility of the Sed
prepass means that you should not rely on @code{$LINENO} when quoted,
when in here-documents, or when in long commands that cross line
boundaries.  Subshells should be OK, though.  In the following
example, lines 1, 6, and 9 are portable, but the other instances of
@code{LINENO} are not:

@example
@group
$ @kbd{cat lineno}
echo 1. $LINENO
cat <<EOF
3. $LINENO
4. $LINENO
EOF
( echo 6. $LINENO )
eval 'echo 7. $LINENO'
echo 8. '$LINENO'
echo 9. $LINENO '
10.' $LINENO
@end group
@group
$ @kbd{bash-2.05 lineno}
1. 1
3. 2
4. 2
6. 6
7. 1
8. $LINENO
9. 9
10. 9
@end group
@group
$ @kbd{zsh-3.0.6 lineno}
1. 1
3. 2
4. 2
6. 6
7. 7
8. $LINENO
9. 9
10. 9
@end group
@group
$ @kbd{pdksh-5.2.14 lineno}
1. 1
3. 2
4. 2
6. 6
7. 0
8. $LINENO
9. 9
10. 9
@end group
@group
$ @kbd{sed '=' <lineno |}
> @kbd{  sed '}
> @kbd{    N}
> @kbd{    s,$,-,}
> @kbd{    : loop}
> @kbd{    s,^\([0-9]*\)\(.*\)[$]LINENO\([^a-zA-Z0-9_]\),\1\2\1\3,}
> @kbd{    t loop}
> @kbd{    s,-$,,}
> @kbd{    s,^[0-9]*\n,,}
> @kbd{  ' |}
> @kbd{  sh}
1. 1
3. 3
4. 4
6. 6
7. 7
8. 8
9. 9
10. 10
@end group
@end example


@item NULLCMD
@evindex NULLCMD
When executing the command @samp{>foo}, @command{zsh} executes
@samp{$NULLCMD >foo}.  The Bourne shell considers @code{NULLCMD} to be
@samp{:}, while @command{zsh}, even in Bourne shell compatibility mode,
sets @code{NULLCMD} to @samp{cat}.  If you forgot to set @code{NULLCMD},
your script might be suspended waiting for data on its standard input.

@item ENV
@itemx MAIL
@itemx MAILPATH
@itemx PS1
@itemx PS2
@itemx PS4
@evindex ENV
@evindex MAIL
@evindex MAILPATH
@evindex PS1
@evindex PS2
@evindex PS4
These variables should not matter for shell scripts, since they are
supposed to affect only interactive shells.  However, at least one
shell (the pre-3.0 @sc{uwin} @command{ksh}) gets confused about
whether it is interactive, which means that (for example) a @env{PS1}
with a side effect can unexpectedly modify @samp{$?}.  To work around
this bug, Autoconf-generated scripts do something like this:

@example
(unset ENV) >/dev/null 2>&1 && unset ENV MAIL MAILPATH
PS1='$ '
PS2='> '
PS4='+ '
@end example

@item PWD
@evindex PWD
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 requires that @command{cd} and
@command{pwd} must update the @env{PWD} environment variable to point
to the logical path to the current directory, but traditional shells
do not support this.  This can cause confusion if one shell instance
maintains @env{PWD} but a subsidiary and different shell does not know
about @env{PWD} and executes @command{cd}; in this case @env{PWD} will
point to the wrong directory.  Use @samp{`pwd`} rather than
@samp{$PWD}.

@item status
@evindex status
This variable is an alias to @samp{$?} for @code{zsh} (at least 3.1.6),
hence read-only.  Do not use it.

@item PATH_SEPARATOR
@evindex PATH_SEPARATOR
If it is not set, @command{configure} will detect the appropriate path
separator for the build system and set the @code{PATH_SEPARATOR} output
variable accordingly.

On DJGPP systems, the @code{PATH_SEPARATOR} environment variable can be
set to either @samp{:} or @samp{;} to control the path separator
@command{bash} uses to set up certain environment variables (such as
@code{PATH}).  Since this only works inside @command{bash}, you want
@command{configure} to detect the regular @acronym{DOS} path separator
(@samp{;}), so it can be safely substituted in files that may not support
@samp{;} as path separator.  So it is recommended to either unset this
variable or set it to @samp{;}.

@item RANDOM
@evindex RANDOM
Many shells provide @code{RANDOM}, a variable that returns a different
integer each time it is used.  Most of the time, its value does not
change when it is not used, but on @sc{irix} 6.5 the value changes all
the time.  This can be observed by using @command{set}.
@end table


@node Limitations of Builtins
@section Limitations of Shell Builtins

No, no, we are serious: some shells do have limitations!  :)

You should always keep in mind that any builtin or command may support
options, and therefore have a very different behavior with arguments
starting with a dash.  For instance, the innocent @samp{echo "$word"}
can give unexpected results when @code{word} starts with a dash.  It is
often possible to avoid this problem using @samp{echo "x$word"}, taking
the @samp{x} into account later in the pipe.

@table @asis
@item @command{.}
@prindex @command{.}
Use @command{.} only with regular files (use @samp{test -f}).  Bash
2.03, for instance, chokes on @samp{. /dev/null}.  Also, remember that
@command{.} uses @env{PATH} if its argument contains no slashes, so if
you want to use @command{.} on a file @file{foo} in the current
directory, you must use @samp{. ./foo}.

@item @command{!}
@prindex @command{!}
You can't use @command{!}; you'll have to rewrite your code.


@item @command{break}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{break}
The use of @samp{break 2} etc.@: is safe.


@item @command{cd}
@c ---------------------------------
@prindex @command{cd}
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 requires that @command{cd} must support
the @option{-L} (``logical'') and @option{-P} (``physical'') options,
with @option{-L} being the default.  However, traditional shells do
not support these options, and their @command{cd} command has the
@option{-P} behavior.

Portable scripts should assume neither option is supported, and should
assume neither behavior is the default.  This can be a bit tricky,
since the @acronym{POSIX} default behavior means that, for example,
@samp{ls ..} and @samp{cd ..} may refer to different directories if
the current logical directory is a symbolic link.  It is safe to use
@command{cd @var{dir}} if @var{dir} contains no @file{..} components.
Also, Autoconf-generated scripts check for this problem when computing
variables like @code{ac_top_srcdir} (@pxref{Configuration Actions}),
so it is safe to @command{cd} to these variables.

Also please see the discussion of the @command{pwd} command.


@item @command{case}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{case}
You don't need to quote the argument; no splitting is performed.

You don't need the final @samp{;;}, but you should use it.

Because of a bug in its @code{fnmatch}, @command{bash} fails to properly
handle backslashes in character classes:

@example
bash-2.02$ @kbd{case /tmp in [/\\]*) echo OK;; esac}
bash-2.02$
@end example

@noindent
This is extremely unfortunate, since you are likely to use this code to
handle @sc{unix} or @sc{ms-dos} absolute paths.  To work around this
bug, always put the backslash first:

@example
bash-2.02$ @kbd{case '\TMP' in [\\/]*) echo OK;; esac}
OK
bash-2.02$ @kbd{case /tmp in [\\/]*) echo OK;; esac}
OK
@end example

Some shells, such as Ash 0.3.8, are confused by an empty
@code{case}/@code{esac}:

@example
ash-0.3.8 $ @kbd{case foo in esac;}
@error{}Syntax error: ";" unexpected (expecting ")")
@end example

Many shells still do not support parenthesized cases, which is a pity
for those of us using tools that rely on balanced parentheses.  For
instance, Solaris 2.8's Bourne shell:

@example
$ @kbd{case foo in (foo) echo foo;; esac}
@error{}syntax error: `(' unexpected
@end example


@item @command{echo}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{echo}
The simple @code{echo} is probably the most surprising source of
portability troubles.  It is not possible to use @samp{echo} portably
unless both options and escape sequences are omitted.  New applications
which are not aiming at portability should use @samp{printf} instead of
@samp{echo}.

Don't expect any option.  @xref{Preset Output Variables}, @code{ECHO_N}
etc.@: for a means to simulate @option{-n}.

Do not use backslashes in the arguments, as there is no consensus on
their handling.  On @samp{echo '\n' | wc -l}, the @command{sh} of
Digital Unix 4.0 and @acronym{MIPS RISC/OS} 4.52, answer 2, but the Solaris'
@command{sh}, Bash, and Zsh (in @command{sh} emulation mode) report 1.
Please note that the problem is truly @command{echo}: all the shells
understand @samp{'\n'} as the string composed of a backslash and an
@samp{n}.

Because of these problems, do not pass a string containing arbitrary
characters to @command{echo}.  For example, @samp{echo "$foo"} is safe
if you know that @var{foo}'s value cannot contain backslashes and cannot
start with @samp{-}, but otherwise you should use a here-document like
this:

@example
cat <<EOF
$foo
EOF
@end example


@item @command{exit}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{exit}
The default value of @command{exit} is supposed to be @code{$?};
unfortunately, some shells, such as the DJGPP port of Bash 2.04, just
perform @samp{exit 0}.

@example
bash-2.04$ @kbd{foo=`exit 1` || echo fail}
fail
bash-2.04$ @kbd{foo=`(exit 1)` || echo fail}
fail
bash-2.04$ @kbd{foo=`(exit 1); exit` || echo fail}
bash-2.04$
@end example

Using @samp{exit $?} restores the expected behavior.

Some shell scripts, such as those generated by @command{autoconf}, use a
trap to clean up before exiting.  If the last shell command exited with
nonzero status, the trap also exits with nonzero status so that the
invoker can tell that an error occurred.

Unfortunately, in some shells, such as Solaris 8 @command{sh}, an exit
trap ignores the @code{exit} command's argument.  In these shells, a trap
cannot determine whether it was invoked by plain @code{exit} or by
@code{exit 1}.  Instead of calling @code{exit} directly, use the
@code{AC_MSG_ERROR} macro that has a workaround for this problem.


@item @command{export}
@c -------------------
@prindex @command{export}
The builtin @command{export} dubs a shell variable @dfn{environment
variable}.  Each update of exported variables corresponds to an update
of the environment variables.  Conversely, each environment variable
received by the shell when it is launched should be imported as a shell
variable marked as exported.

Alas, many shells, such as Solaris 2.5, @sc{irix} 6.3, @sc{irix} 5.2,
@acronym{AIX} 4.1.5, and Digital @sc{unix} 4.0, forget to
@command{export} the environment variables they receive.  As a result,
two variables coexist: the environment variable and the shell
variable.  The following code demonstrates this failure:

@example
#! /bin/sh
echo $FOO
FOO=bar
echo $FOO
exec /bin/sh $0
@end example

@noindent
when run with @samp{FOO=foo} in the environment, these shells will print
alternately @samp{foo} and @samp{bar}, although it should only print
@samp{foo} and then a sequence of @samp{bar}s.

Therefore you should @command{export} again each environment variable
that you update.


@item @command{false}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{false}
Don't expect @command{false} to exit with status 1: in the native Bourne
shell of Solaris 8 it exits with status 255.


@item @command{for}
@c ----------------
@prindex @command{for}
To loop over positional arguments, use:

@example
for arg
do
  echo "$arg"
done
@end example

@noindent
You may @emph{not} leave the @code{do} on the same line as @code{for},
since some shells improperly grok:

@example
for arg; do
  echo "$arg"
done
@end example

If you want to explicitly refer to the positional arguments, given the
@samp{$@@} bug (@pxref{Shell Substitutions}), use:

@example
for arg in $@{1+"$@@"@}; do
  echo "$arg"
done
@end example

@noindent
But keep in mind that Zsh, even in Bourne shell emulation mode, performs
word splitting on @samp{$@{1+"$@@"@}}; see @ref{Shell Substitutions},
item @samp{$@@}, for more.


@item @command{if}
@c ---------------
@prindex @command{if}
Using @samp{!} is not portable.  Instead of:

@example
if ! cmp -s file file.new; then
  mv file.new file
fi
@end example

@noindent
use:

@example
if cmp -s file file.new; then :; else
  mv file.new file
fi
@end example

There are shells that do not reset the exit status from an @command{if}:

@example
$ @kbd{if (exit 42); then true; fi; echo $?}
42
@end example

@noindent
whereas a proper shell should have printed @samp{0}.  This is especially
bad in Makefiles since it produces false failures.  This is why properly
written Makefiles, such as Automake's, have such hairy constructs:

@example
if test -f "$file"; then
  install "$file" "$dest"
else
  :
fi
@end example


@item @command{pwd}
@c ----------------
@prindex @command{pwd}
With modern shells, plain @command{pwd} outputs a ``logical''
directory name, some of whose components may be symbolic links.  These
directory names are in contrast to ``physical'' directory names, whose
components are all directories.

@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 requires that @command{pwd} must support
the @option{-L} (``logical'') and @option{-P} (``physical'') options,
with @option{-L} being the default.  However, traditional shells do
not support these options, and their @command{pwd} command has the
@option{-P} behavior.

Portable scripts should assume neither option is supported, and should
assume neither behavior is the default.  Also, on many hosts
@samp{/bin/pwd} is equivalent to @samp{pwd -P}, but @acronym{POSIX}
does not require this behavior and portable scripts should not rely on
it.

Typically it's best to use plain @command{pwd}.  On modern hosts this
outputs logical directory names, which have the following advantages:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Logical names are what the user specified.
@item
Physical names may not be portable from one installation
host to another due to network filesystem gymnastics.
@item
On modern hosts @samp{pwd -P} may fail due to lack of permissions to
some parent directory, but plain @command{pwd} cannot fail for this
reason.
@end itemize

Also please see the discussion of the @command{cd} command.


@item @command{set}
@c ----------------
@prindex @command{set}
This builtin faces the usual problem with arguments starting with a
dash.  Modern shells such as Bash or Zsh understand @option{--} to specify
the end of the options (any argument after @option{--} is a parameter,
even @samp{-x} for instance), but most shells simply stop the option
processing as soon as a non-option argument is found.  Therefore, use
@samp{dummy} or simply @samp{x} to end the option processing, and use
@command{shift} to pop it out:

@example
set x $my_list; shift
@end example

Some shells have the "opposite" problem of not recognizing all options
(e.g., @samp{set -e -x} assigns @samp{-x} to the command line).  It is
better to elide these:

@example
set -ex
@end example


@item @command{shift}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{shift}
Not only is @command{shift}ing a bad idea when there is nothing left to
shift, but in addition it is not portable: the shell of @acronym{MIPS
RISC/OS} 4.52 refuses to do it.


@item @command{source}
@c -------------------
@prindex @command{source}
This command is not portable, as @acronym{POSIX} does not require it; use
@command{.} instead.


@item @command{test}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{test}
The @code{test} program is the way to perform many file and string
tests.  It is often invoked by the alternate name @samp{[}, but using
that name in Autoconf code is asking for trouble since it is an M4 quote
character.

If you need to make multiple checks using @code{test}, combine them with
the shell operators @samp{&&} and @samp{||} instead of using the
@code{test} operators @option{-a} and @option{-o}.  On System V, the
precedence of @option{-a} and @option{-o} is wrong relative to the unary
operators; consequently, @acronym{POSIX} does not specify them, so using them
is nonportable.  If you combine @samp{&&} and @samp{||} in the same
statement, keep in mind that they have equal precedence.

You may use @samp{!} with @command{test}, but not with @command{if}:
@samp{test ! -r foo || exit 1}.


@item @command{test} (files)
@c -------------------------
To enable @command{configure} scripts to support cross-compilation, they
shouldn't do anything that tests features of the build system instead of
the host system.  But occasionally you may find it necessary to check
whether some arbitrary file exists.  To do so, use @samp{test -f} or
@samp{test -r}.  Do not use @samp{test -x}, because 4.3@acronym{BSD} does not
have it.  Do not use @samp{test -e} either, because Solaris 2.5 does not
have it.

@item @command{test} (strings)
@c ---------------------------
Avoid @samp{test "@var{string}"}, in particular if @var{string} might
start with a dash, since @code{test} might interpret its argument as an
option (e.g., @samp{@var{string} = "-n"}).

Contrary to a common belief, @samp{test -n @var{string}} and
@samp{test -z @var{string}} @strong{are} portable.  Nevertheless many
shells (such as Solaris 2.5, @acronym{AIX} 3.2, @sc{unicos} 10.0.0.6,
Digital Unix 4 etc.) have bizarre precedence and may be confused if
@var{string} looks like an operator:

@example
$ @kbd{test -n =}
test: argument expected
@end example

If there are risks, use @samp{test "x@var{string}" = x} or @samp{test
"x@var{string}" != x} instead.

It is common to find variations of the following idiom:

@example
test -n "`echo $ac_feature | sed 's/[-a-zA-Z0-9_]//g'`" &&
  @var{action}
@end example

@noindent
to take an action when a token matches a given pattern.  Such constructs
should always be avoided by using:

@example
echo "$ac_feature" | grep '[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
  @var{action}
@end example

@noindent
Use @code{case} where possible since it is faster, being a shell builtin:


@example
case $ac_feature in
  *[!-a-zA-Z0-9_]*) @var{action};;
esac
@end example

Alas, negated character classes are probably not portable, although no
shell is known to not support the @acronym{POSIX} syntax @samp{[!@dots{}]}
(when in interactive mode, @command{zsh} is confused by the
@samp{[!@dots{}]} syntax and looks for an event in its history because of
@samp{!}).  Many shells do not support the alternative syntax
@samp{[^@dots{}]} (Solaris, Digital Unix, etc.).

One solution can be:

@example
expr "$ac_feature" : '.*[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null &&
  @var{action}
@end example

@noindent
or better yet

@example
expr "x$ac_feature" : '.*[^-a-zA-Z0-9_]' >/dev/null &&
  @var{action}
@end example

@samp{expr "X@var{foo}" : "X@var{bar}"} is more robust than @samp{echo
"X@var{foo}" | grep "^X@var{bar}"}, because it avoids problems when
@samp{@var{foo}} contains backslashes.


@item @command{trap}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{trap}
It is safe to trap at least the signals 1, 2, 13, and 15.  You can also
trap 0, i.e., have the @command{trap} run when the script ends (either via an
explicit @command{exit}, or the end of the script).

Although @acronym{POSIX} is not absolutely clear on this point, it is widely
admitted that when entering the trap @samp{$?} should be set to the exit
status of the last command run before the trap.  The ambiguity can be
summarized as: ``when the trap is launched by an @command{exit}, what is
the @emph{last} command run: that before @command{exit}, or
@command{exit} itself?''

Bash considers @command{exit} to be the last command, while Zsh and
Solaris 8 @command{sh} consider that when the trap is run it is
@emph{still} in the @command{exit}, hence it is the previous exit status
that the trap receives:

@example
$ @kbd{cat trap.sh}
trap 'echo $?' 0
(exit 42); exit 0
$ @kbd{zsh trap.sh}
42
$ @kbd{bash trap.sh}
0
@end example

The portable solution is then simple: when you want to @samp{exit 42},
run @samp{(exit 42); exit 42}, the first @command{exit} being used to
set the exit status to 42 for Zsh, and the second to trigger the trap
and pass 42 as exit status for Bash.

The shell in Free@acronym{BSD} 4.0 has the following bug: @samp{$?} is
reset to 0 by empty lines if the code is inside @command{trap}.

@example
$ @kbd{trap 'false}

echo $?' 0
$ @kbd{exit}
0
@end example

@noindent
Fortunately, this bug only affects @command{trap}.

@item @command{true}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{true}
@c Info cannot handle `:' in index entries.
@c @prindex @command{:}
Don't worry: as far as we know @command{true} is portable.
Nevertheless, it's not always a builtin (e.g., Bash 1.x), and the
portable shell community tends to prefer using @command{:}.  This has a
funny side effect: when asked whether @command{false} is more portable
than @command{true} Alexandre Oliva answered:

@quotation
In a sense, yes, because if it doesn't exist, the shell will produce an
exit status of failure, which is correct for @command{false}, but not
for @command{true}.
@end quotation


@item @command{unset}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{unset}
You cannot assume the support of @command{unset}.  Nevertheless, because
it is extremely useful to disable embarrassing variables such as
@code{PS1}, you can test for its existence and use
it @emph{provided} you give a neutralizing value when @command{unset} is
not supported:

@example
if (unset FOO) >/dev/null 2>&1; then
  unset=unset
else
  unset=false
fi
$unset PS1 || PS1='$ '
@end example

@xref{Special Shell Variables}, for some neutralizing values.  Also, see
@ref{Limitations of Builtins}, documentation of @command{export}, for
the case of environment variables.
@end table

@node Limitations of Usual Tools
@section Limitations of Usual Tools

The small set of tools you can expect to find on any machine can still
include some limitations you should be aware of.

@table @asis
@item @command{awk}
@c ----------------
@prindex @command{awk}
Don't leave white spaces before the parentheses in user functions calls;
@acronym{GNU} awk will reject it:

@example
$ @kbd{gawk 'function die () @{ print "Aaaaarg!"  @}
        BEGIN @{ die () @}'}
gawk: cmd. line:2:         BEGIN @{ die () @}
gawk: cmd. line:2:                      ^ parse error
$ @kbd{gawk 'function die () @{ print "Aaaaarg!"  @}
        BEGIN @{ die() @}'}
Aaaaarg!
@end example

If you want your program to be deterministic, don't depend on @code{for}
on arrays:

@example
$ @kbd{cat for.awk}
END @{
  arr["foo"] = 1
  arr["bar"] = 1
  for (i in arr)
    print i
@}
$ @kbd{gawk -f for.awk </dev/null}
foo
bar
$ @kbd{nawk -f for.awk </dev/null}
bar
foo
@end example

Some AWK, such as HPUX 11.0's native one, have regex engines fragile to
inner anchors:

@example
$ @kbd{echo xfoo | $AWK '/foo|^bar/ @{ print @}'}
$ @kbd{echo bar | $AWK '/foo|^bar/ @{ print @}'}
bar
$ @kbd{echo xfoo | $AWK '/^bar|foo/ @{ print @}'}
xfoo
$ @kbd{echo bar | $AWK '/^bar|foo/ @{ print @}'}
bar
@end example

@noindent
Either do not depend on such patterns (i.e., use @samp{/^(.*foo|bar)/},
or use a simple test to reject such AWK.


@item @command{cat}
@c ----------------
@prindex @command{cat}
Don't rely on any option.  The option @option{-v}, which displays
non-printing characters, @emph{seems} portable, though.


@item @command{cc}
@c ---------------
When a compilation such as @samp{cc foo.c -o foo} fails, some compilers
(such as @sc{cds} on Reliant @sc{unix}) leave a @file{foo.o}.

HP-UX @command{cc} doesn't accept @file{.S} files to preprocess and
assemble.  @samp{cc -c foo.S} will appear to succeed, but in fact does
nothing.

The default executable, produced by @samp{cc foo.c}, can be

@itemize
@item @file{a.out} --- usual Unix convention.
@item @file{b.out} --- i960 compilers (including @command{gcc}).
@item @file{a.exe} --- DJGPP port of @command{gcc}.
@item @file{a_out.exe} --- GNV @command{cc} wrapper for DEC C on OpenVMS.
@item @file{foo.exe} --- various MS-DOS compilers.
@end itemize


@item @command{cmp}
@c ----------------
@prindex @command{cmp}
@command{cmp} performs a raw data comparison of two files, while
@command{diff} compares two text files.  Therefore, if you might compare
DOS files, even if only checking whether two files are different, use
@command{diff} to avoid spurious differences due to differences of
newline encoding.


@item @command{cp}
@c ---------------
@prindex @command{cp}
@c This is thanks to Ian.
SunOS @command{cp} does not support @option{-f}, although its
@command{mv} does.  It's possible to deduce why @command{mv} and
@command{cp} are different with respect to @option{-f}.  @command{mv}
prompts by default before overwriting a read-only file.  @command{cp}
does not.  Therefore, @command{mv} requires a @option{-f} option, but
@command{cp} does not.  @command{mv} and @command{cp} behave differently
with respect to read-only files because the simplest form of
@command{cp} cannot overwrite a read-only file, but the simplest form of
@command{mv} can.  This is because @command{cp} opens the target for
write access, whereas @command{mv} simply calls @code{link} (or, in
newer systems, @code{rename}).
@c Ian said: ``I don't think -p or -r are portable''!!! How can you live
@c without -r???

Bob Proulx notes that @samp{cp -p} always @emph{tries} to copy
ownerships.  But whether it actually does copy ownerships or not is a
system dependent policy decision implemented by the kernel.  If the
kernel allows it then it happens.  If the kernel does not allow it then
it does not happen.  It is not something @command{cp} itself has control
over.

In SysV any user can chown files to any other user, and SysV also had a
non-sticky @file{/tmp}.  That undoubtedly derives from the heritage of
SysV in a business environment without hostile users.  BSD changed this
to be a more secure model where only root can @command{chown} files and
a sticky @file{/tmp} is used.  That undoubtedly derives from the heritage
of BSD in a campus environment.

Linux by default follows BSD, but it can be configured to allow
@command{chown}.  HP-UX as an alternate example follows SysV, but it can
be configured to use the modern security model and disallow
@command{chown}.  Since it is an administrator configurable parameter
you can't use the name of the kernel as an indicator of the behavior.



@item @command{date}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{date}
Some versions of @command{date} do not recognize special % directives,
and unfortunately, instead of complaining, they just pass them through,
and exit with success:

@example
$ @kbd{uname -a}
OSF1 medusa.sis.pasteur.fr V5.1 732 alpha
$ @kbd{date "+%s"}
%s
@end example


@item @command{diff}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{diff}
Option @option{-u} is nonportable.

Some implementations, such as Tru64's, fail when comparing to
@file{/dev/null}.  Use an empty file instead.


@item @command{dirname}
@c --------------------
@prindex @command{dirname}
Not all hosts have a working @command{dirname}, and you should instead
use @code{AS_DIRNAME} (@pxref{Programming in M4sh}).  For example:

@example
dir=`dirname "$file"`       # This is not portable.
dir=`AS_DIRNAME(["$file"])` # This is more portable.
@end example

@noindent
This handles a few subtleties in the standard way required by
@acronym{POSIX}.  For example, under UN*X, should @samp{dirname //1} give
@samp{/}?  Paul Eggert answers:

@quotation
No, under some older flavors of Unix, leading @samp{//} is a special
path name: it refers to a ``super-root'' and is used to access other
machines' files.  Leading @samp{///}, @samp{////}, etc.@: are equivalent
to @samp{/}; but leading @samp{//} is special.  I think this tradition
started with Apollo Domain/OS, an OS that is still in use on some older
hosts.

@acronym{POSIX} allows but does not require the special treatment for
@samp{//}.  It says that the behavior of dirname on path names of the
form @samp{//([^/]+/*)?}  is implementation defined.  In these cases,
@acronym{GNU} @command{dirname} returns @samp{/}, but it's more
portable to return @samp{//} as this works even on those older flavors
of Unix.
@end quotation


@item @command{egrep}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{egrep}
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 no longer requires @command{egrep},
but many older hosts do not yet support the @acronym{POSIX}
replacement @code{grep -E}.  To work around this problem, invoke
@code{AC_PROG_EGREP} and then use @code{$EGREP}.

The empty alternative is not portable, use @samp{?} instead.  For
instance with Digital Unix v5.0:

@example
> printf "foo\n|foo\n" | $EGREP '^(|foo|bar)$'
|foo
> printf "bar\nbar|\n" | $EGREP '^(foo|bar|)$'
bar|
> printf "foo\nfoo|\n|bar\nbar\n" | $EGREP '^(foo||bar)$'
foo
|bar
@end example

@command{$EGREP} also suffers the limitations of @command{grep}.

@item @command{expr}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{expr}
No @command{expr} keyword starts with @samp{x}, so use @samp{expr
x"@var{word}" : 'x@var{regex}'} to keep @command{expr} from
misinterpreting @var{word}.

Don't use @code{length}, @code{substr}, @code{match} and @code{index}.

@item @command{expr} (@samp{|})
@prindex @command{expr} (@samp{|})
You can use @samp{|}.  Although @acronym{POSIX} does require that @samp{expr
''} return the empty string, it does not specify the result when you
@samp{|} together the empty string (or zero) with the empty string.  For
example:

@example
expr '' \| ''
@end example

@acronym{GNU}/Linux and @acronym{POSIX}.2-1992 return the empty string
for this case, but traditional @sc{unix} returns @samp{0} (Solaris is
one such example).  In @acronym{POSIX}.1-2001, the specification has
been changed to match traditional @sc{unix}'s behavior (which is
bizarre, but it's too late to fix this).  Please note that the same
problem does arise when the empty string results from a computation,
as in:

@example
expr bar : foo \| foo : bar
@end example

@noindent
Avoid this portability problem by avoiding the empty string.


@item @command{expr} (@samp{:})
@c ----------------------------
@prindex @command{expr}
Don't use @samp{\?}, @samp{\+} and @samp{\|} in patterns, as they are
not supported on Solaris.

The @acronym{POSIX} standard is ambiguous as to whether
@samp{expr 'a' : '\(b\)'} outputs @samp{0} or the empty string.
In practice, it outputs the empty string on most platforms, but portable
scripts should not assume this.  For instance, the @acronym{QNX} 4.25 native
@command{expr} returns @samp{0}.

One might think that a way to get a uniform behavior would be to use
the empty string as a default value:

@example
expr a : '\(b\)' \| ''
@end example

@noindent
Unfortunately this behaves exactly as the original expression; see the
@samp{@command{expr} (@samp{:})} entry for more information.

Older @command{expr} implementations (e.g., SunOS 4 @command{expr} and
Solaris 8 @command{/usr/ucb/expr}) have a silly length limit that causes
@command{expr} to fail if the matched substring is longer than 120
bytes.  In this case, you might want to fall back on @samp{echo|sed} if
@command{expr} fails.

Don't leave, there is some more!

The @acronym{QNX} 4.25 @command{expr}, in addition of preferring @samp{0} to
the empty string, has a funny behavior in its exit status: it's always 1
when parentheses are used!

@example
$ @kbd{val=`expr 'a' : 'a'`; echo "$?: $val"}
0: 1
$ @kbd{val=`expr 'a' : 'b'`; echo "$?: $val"}
1: 0

$ @kbd{val=`expr 'a' : '\(a\)'`; echo "?: $val"}
1: a
$ @kbd{val=`expr 'a' : '\(b\)'`; echo "?: $val"}
1: 0
@end example

@noindent
In practice this can be a big problem if you are ready to catch failures
of @command{expr} programs with some other method (such as using
@command{sed}), since you may get twice the result.  For instance

@example
$ @kbd{expr 'a' : '\(a\)' || echo 'a' | sed 's/^\(a\)$/\1/'}
@end example

@noindent
will output @samp{a} on most hosts, but @samp{aa} on @acronym{QNX} 4.25.  A
simple workaround consists in testing @command{expr} and use a variable
set to @command{expr} or to @command{false} according to the result.


@item @command{fgrep}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{fgrep}
@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 no longer requires @command{fgrep},
but many older hosts do not yet support the @acronym{POSIX}
replacement @code{grep -F}.  To work around this problem, invoke
@code{AC_PROG_FGREP} and then use @code{$FGREP}.


@item @command{find}
@c -----------------
The option @option{-maxdepth} seems to be @acronym{GNU} specific.
Tru64 v5.1, Net@acronym{BSD} 1.5 and Solaris 2.5 @command{find}
commands do not understand it.

The replacement of @samp{@{@}} is guaranteed only if the argument is
exactly @emph{@{@}}, not if it's only a part of an argument.  For
instance on DU, and HP-UX 10.20 and HP-UX 11:

@example
$ @kbd{touch foo}
$ @kbd{find . -name foo -exec echo "@{@}-@{@}" \;}
@{@}-@{@}
@end example

@noindent
while @acronym{GNU} @command{find} reports @samp{./foo-./foo}.


@item @command{grep}
@c -----------------
@prindex @command{grep}
Don't use @samp{grep -s} to suppress output, because @samp{grep -s} on
System V does not suppress output, only error messages.  Instead,
redirect the standard output and standard error (in case the file
doesn't exist) of @code{grep} to @file{/dev/null}.  Check the exit
status of @code{grep} to determine whether it found a match.

Don't use multiple regexps with @option{-e}, as some @code{grep} will only
honor the last pattern (e.g., @sc{irix} 6.5 and Solaris 2.5.1).  Anyway,
Stardent Vistra SVR4 @code{grep} lacks @option{-e}@dots{}  Instead, use
extended regular expressions and alternation.

Don't rely on @option{-w}, as Irix 6.5.16m's @command{grep} does not
support it.


@item @command{ln}
@c ---------------
@prindex @command{ln}
@cindex Symbolic links
Don't rely on @command{ln} having a @option{-f} option.  Symbolic links
are not available on old systems; use @samp{$(LN_S)} as a portable substitute.

For versions of the DJGPP before 2.04, @command{ln} emulates soft links
to executables by generating a stub that in turn calls the real
program.  This feature also works with nonexistent files like in the
Unix spec.  So @samp{ln -s file link} will generate @file{link.exe},
which will attempt to call @file{file.exe} if run.  But this feature only
works for executables, so @samp{cp -p} is used instead for these
systems.  DJGPP versions 2.04 and later have full symlink support.


@item @command{ls}
@c ---------------
@prindex @command{ls}
@cindex Listing directories
The portable options are @option{-acdilrtu}.  Modern practice is for
@option{-l} to output both owner and group, but traditional
@command{ls} omits the group.

@c From Bruce Lilly:
@c
@c # telnet dim
@c [...]
@c   UNIX System V (TWG-TCP/IP) (dim.blilly.com)
@c [...]
@c $ mkdir foo
@c $ cd foo
@c $ /bin/ls a.exe 2>/dev/null
@c a.exe not found
@c $ what /bin/ls
@c /bin/ls:
@c           fndcmd:fndcmd.sl 1.68
@c $ uname -a
@c UNIX dim SYSTEM5 3.51m mc68k
@c
@c It's an AT&T 3B1.  See http://www.faqs.org/faqs/3b1-faq/ or any
@c mirror of the 3B1 FAQ.  It's actually SVR2.2.
Modern practice is for all diagnostics to go to standard error, but
traditional @samp{ls foo} prints the message @samp{foo not found} to
standard output if @file{foo} does not exist.  Be careful when writing
shell commands like @samp{sources=`ls *.c 2>/dev/null`}, since with
traditional @command{ls} this is equivalent to @samp{sources="*.c not
found"} if there are no @samp{.c} files.


@item @command{mkdir}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{mkdir}
@cindex Making directories
None of @command{mkdir}'s options are portable.  Instead of
@samp{mkdir -p @var{filename}}, you should use use
@code{AS_MKDIR_P(@var{filename})} (@pxref{Programming in M4sh}).

@item @command{mv}
@c ---------------
@prindex @command{mv}
@cindex Moving open files
The only portable options are @option{-f} and @option{-i}.

Moving individual files between file systems is portable (it was in V6),
but it is not always atomic: when doing @samp{mv new existing}, there's
a critical section where neither the old nor the new version of
@file{existing} actually exists.

Be aware that moving files from @file{/tmp} can sometimes cause
undesirable (but perfectly valid) warnings, even if you created these
files.  On some systems, creating the file in @file{/tmp} is setting a
guid @code{wheel} which you may not be part of.  So the file is copied,
and then the @code{chgrp} fails:

@example
$ @kbd{touch /tmp/foo}
$ @kbd{mv /tmp/foo .}
@error{}mv: ./foo: set owner/group (was: 3830/0): Operation not permitted
$ @kbd{echo $?}
0
$ @kbd{ls foo}
foo
@end example

@noindent
This behavior conforms to @acronym{POSIX}:

@quotation
If the duplication of the file characteristics fails for any reason, mv
shall write a diagnostic message to standard error, but this failure
shall not cause mv to modify its exit status.''
@end quotation

Moving directories across mount points is not portable, use @command{cp}
and @command{rm}.

Moving/Deleting open files isn't portable.  The following can't be done
on DOS/WIN32:

@example
exec > foo
mv foo bar
@end example

@noindent
nor can

@example
exec > foo
rm -f foo
@end example

@item @command{sed}
@c ----------------
@prindex @command{sed}
Patterns should not include the separator (unless escaped), even as part
of a character class.  In conformance with @acronym{POSIX}, the Cray
@command{sed} will reject @samp{s/[^/]*$//}: use @samp{s,[^/]*$,,}.

Sed scripts should not use branch labels longer than 8 characters and
should not contain comments.

Don't include extra @samp{;}, as some @command{sed}, such as Net@acronym{BSD}
1.4.2's, try to interpret the second as a command:

@example
$ @kbd{echo a | sed 's/x/x/;;s/x/x/'}
sed: 1: "s/x/x/;;s/x/x/": invalid command code ;
@end example

Input should have reasonably long lines, since some @command{sed} have
an input buffer limited to 4000 bytes.

Alternation, @samp{\|}, is common but @acronym{POSIX} does not require its
support, so it should be avoided in portable scripts.  Solaris 8
@command{sed} does not support alternation; e.g., @samp{sed '/a\|b/d'}
deletes only lines that contain the literal string @samp{a|b}.

Anchors (@samp{^} and @samp{$}) inside groups are not portable.

Nested parenthesization in patterns (e.g., @samp{\(\(a*\)b*)\)}) is
quite portable to modern hosts, but is not supported by some older
@command{sed} implementations like SVR3.

Of course the option @option{-e} is portable, but it is not needed.  No
valid Sed program can start with a dash, so it does not help
disambiguating.  Its sole usefulness is to help enforcing indentation as
in:

@example
sed -e @var{instruction-1} \
    -e @var{instruction-2}
@end example

@noindent
as opposed to

@example
sed @var{instruction-1};@var{instruction-2}
@end example

Contrary to yet another urban legend, you may portably use @samp{&} in
the replacement part of the @code{s} command to mean ``what was
matched''.  All descendants of Bell Lab's V7 @command{sed} (at least; we
don't have first hand experience with older @command{sed}s) have
supported it.

@acronym{POSIX} requires that you must not have any white space between
@samp{!}  and the following command.  It is OK to have blanks between
the address and the @samp{!}.  For instance, on Solaris 8:

@example
$ @kbd{echo "foo" | sed -n '/bar/ ! p'}
@error{}Unrecognized command: /bar/ ! p
$ @kbd{echo "foo" | sed -n '/bar/! p'}
@error{}Unrecognized command: /bar/! p
$ @kbd{echo "foo" | sed -n '/bar/ !p'}
foo
@end example

@item @command{sed} (@samp{t})
@c ---------------------------
@prindex @command{sed} (@samp{t})
Some old systems have @command{sed} that ``forget'' to reset their
@samp{t} flag when starting a new cycle.  For instance on @acronym{MIPS
RISC/OS}, and on @sc{irix} 5.3, if you run the following @command{sed}
script (the line numbers are not actual part of the texts):

@example
s/keep me/kept/g  # a
t end             # b
s/.*/deleted/g    # c
: end             # d
@end example

@noindent
on

@example
delete me         # 1
delete me         # 2
keep me           # 3
delete me         # 4
@end example

@noindent
you get

@example
deleted
delete me
kept
deleted
@end example

@noindent
instead of

@example
deleted
deleted
kept
deleted
@end example

Why?  When processing 1, a matches, therefore sets the t flag, b jumps to
d, and the output is produced.  When processing line 2, the t flag is
still set (this is the bug).  Line a fails to match, but @command{sed}
is not supposed to clear the t flag when a substitution fails.  Line b
sees that the flag is set, therefore it clears it, and jumps to d, hence
you get @samp{delete me} instead of @samp{deleted}.  When processing 3, t
is clear, a matches, so the flag is set, hence b clears the flags and
jumps.  Finally, since the flag is clear, 4 is processed properly.

There are two things one should remember about @samp{t} in @command{sed}.
Firstly, always remember that @samp{t} jumps if @emph{some} substitution
succeeded, not only the immediately preceding substitution.  Therefore,
always use a fake @samp{t clear; : clear} to reset the t flag where
indeed.

Secondly, you cannot rely on @command{sed} to clear the flag at each new
cycle.

One portable implementation of the script above is:

@example
t clear
: clear
s/keep me/kept/g
t end
s/.*/deleted/g
: end
@end example

@item @command{touch}
@c ------------------
@prindex @command{touch}
On some old @acronym{BSD} systems, @command{touch} or any command that
results in an empty file does not update the timestamps, so use a
command like @code{echo} as a workaround.

@acronym{GNU} @command{touch} 3.16r (and presumably all before that)
fails to work on SunOS 4.1.3 when the empty file is on an
@acronym{NFS}-mounted 4.2 volume.

@end table


@node Limitations of Make
@section Limitations of Make

@command{make} itself suffers a great number of limitations, only a few
of which are listed here.  First of all, remember that since commands
are executed by the shell, all its weaknesses are inherited@enddots{}

@table @asis
@item @code{$<}
@acronym{POSIX} says that the @samp{$<} construct in makefiles can be used
only in inference rules and in the @samp{.DEFAULT} rule; its meaning in
ordinary rules is unspecified.  Solaris 8's @command{make} for instance
will replace it with the argument.

@item Leading underscore in macro names
Some @command{make}s don't support leading underscores in macro names,
such as on NEWS-OS 4.2R.

@example
$ @kbd{cat Makefile}
_am_include = #
_am_quote =
all:; @@echo this is test
$ @kbd{make}
Make: Must be a separator on rules line 2.  Stop.
$ @kbd{cat Makefile2}
am_include = #
am_quote =
all:; @@echo this is test
$ @kbd{make -f Makefile2}
this is test
@end example

@item Trailing backslash in macro
@c  This has been seen on ia64 hpux 11.20, and on one hppa hpux 10.20,
@c  but another hppa hpux 10.20 didn't have it.  Bob Proulx
@c  <bob@proulx.com> thinks it was in hpux 8.0 too.
On some versions of HP-UX, @command{make} will read multiple newlines
following a backslash, continuing to the next non-empty line.  For
example,

@example
FOO = one \

BAR = two

test:
        : FOO is "$(FOO)"
        : BAR is "$(BAR)"
@end example

@noindent
shows @code{FOO} equal to @code{one BAR = two}.  Other @command{make}s
sensibly let a backslash continue only to the immediately following
line.

@item Escaped newline in comments

According to @acronym{POSIX}, @file{Makefile} comments start with @code{#}
and continue until an unescaped newline is reached.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
# A = foo \
      bar \
      baz

all:
        @@echo ok
% @kbd{make}   # GNU make
ok
@end example

@noindent
However in Real World this is not always the case.  Some implementations
discards anything from @code{#} up to the end of line, ignoring any
trailing backslash.

@example
% @kbd{pmake}  # BSD make
"Makefile", line 3: Need an operator
Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
@end example

@noindent
Therefore, if you want to comment out a multi-line definition, prefix each
line with @code{#}, not only the first.

@example
# A = foo \
#     bar \
#     baz
@end example

@item @code{make macro=value} and sub-@command{make}s.

A command-line variable definition such as @code{foo=bar} overrides any
definition of @code{foo} in the @file{Makefile}.  Some @command{make}
implementations (such as @acronym{GNU} @command{make}) will propagate this
override to sub-invocations of @command{make}.  This is allowed but not
required by @acronym{POSIX}.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
foo = foo
one:
        @@echo $(foo)
        $(MAKE) two
two:
        @@echo $(foo)
% @kbd{make foo=bar}            # GNU make 3.79.1
bar
make two
make[1]: Entering directory `/home/adl'
bar
make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/adl'
% @kbd{pmake foo=bar}           # BSD make
bar
pmake two
foo
@end example

You have a few possibilities if you do want the @code{foo=bar} override
to propagate to sub-@command{make}s.  One is to use the @code{-e}
option, which causes all environment variables to have precedence over
the @file{Makefile} macro definitions, and declare foo as an environment
variable:

@example
% @kbd{env foo=bar make -e}
@end example

The @code{-e} option is propagated to sub-@command{make}s automatically,
and since the environment is inherited between @command{make}
invocations, the @code{foo} macro will be overridden in
sub-@code{make}s as expected.

Using @code{-e} could have unexpected side-effects if your environment
contains some other macros usually defined by the Makefile.  (See
also the note about @code{make -e} and @code{SHELL} below.)

Another way to propagate overrides to sub-@command{make}s is to do it
manually, from your @file{Makefile}:

@example
foo = foo
one:
        @@echo $(foo)
        $(MAKE) foo=$(foo) two
two:
        @@echo $(foo)
@end example

You need to foresee all macros that a user might want to override if
you do that.

@item The @code{SHELL} macro
@cindex @code{SHELL} and @command{make}
@cindex @command{make} and @code{SHELL}

@acronym{POSIX}-compliant @command{make}s internally use the @code{$(SHELL)}
macro to spawn shell processes and execute @file{Makefile} rules.  This
is a builtin macro supplied by @command{make}, but it can be modified
from the @file{Makefile} or a command-line argument.

Not all @command{make}s will define this @code{SHELL} macro.  OSF/Tru64
@command{make} is an example; this implementation will always use
@code{/bin/sh}.  So it's a good idea to always define @code{SHELL} in
your @file{Makefile}s.  If you use Autoconf, do

@example
SHELL = @@SHELL@@
@end example

@acronym{POSIX}-compliant @command{make}s should never acquire the value of
$(SHELL) from the environment, even when @code{make -e} is used
(otherwise, think about what would happen to your rules if
@code{SHELL=/bin/tcsh}).

However not all @command{make} implementations will make this exception.
For instance it's not surprising that OSF/Tru64 @command{make} doesn't
protect @code{SHELL}, since it doesn't use it.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
SHELL = /bin/sh
FOO = foo
all:
        @@echo $(SHELL)
        @@echo $(FOO)
% @kbd{env SHELL=/bin/tcsh FOO=bar make -e}   # OSF1 V4.0 Make
/bin/tcsh
bar
% @kbd{env SHELL=/bin/tcsh FOO=bar gmake -e}  # GNU make
/bin/sh
bar
@end example

@item Comments in rules
@cindex Comments in @file{Makefile} rules
@cindex @file{Makefile} rules and comments

Never put comments in a rule.

Some @command{make} treat anything starting with a tab as a command for
the current rule, even if the tab is immediately followed by a @code{#}.
The @command{make} from Tru64 Unix V5.1 is one of them.  The following
@file{Makefile} will run @code{# foo} through the shell.

@example
all:
        # foo
@end example

@item The @file{obj/} subdirectory.
@cindex @file{obj/}, subdirectory
@cindex BSD @command{make} and @file{obj/}

Never name one of your subdirectories @file{obj/} if you don't like
surprises.

If an @file{obj/} directory exists, BSD @command{make} will enter it
before reading @file{Makefile}.  Hence the @file{Makefile} in the
current directory will not be read.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
all:
        echo Hello
% @kbd{cat obj/Makefile}
all:
        echo World
% @kbd{make}      # GNU make
echo Hello
Hello
% @kbd{pmake}     # BSD make
echo World
World
@end example

@item @code{make -k}
@cindex @code{make -k}

Do not rely on the exit status of @code{make -k}.  Some implementations
reflect whether they encountered an error in their exit status; other
implementations always succeed.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
all:
        false
% @kbd{make -k; echo exit status: $?}    # GNU make
false
make: *** [all] Error 1
exit status: 2
% @kbd{pmake -k; echo exit status: $?}   # BSD make
false
*** Error code 1 (continuing)
exit status: 0
@end example

@item @code{VPATH}
@cindex @code{VPATH}

There is no @code{VPATH} support specified in @acronym{POSIX}.  Many
@command{make}s have a form of @code{VPATH} support, but its
implementation is not consistent amongst @command{make}s.

Maybe the best suggestion to give to people who need the @code{VPATH}
feature is to choose a @command{make} implementation and stick to it.
Since the resulting @file{Makefile}s are not portable anyway, better
choose a portable @command{make} (hint, hint).

Here are a couple of known issues with some @code{VPATH}
implementations.

@table @asis

@item @code{VPATH} and double-colon rules
@cindex @code{VPATH} and double-colon rules
@cindex double-colon rules and @code{VPATH}

Any assignment to @code{VPATH} causes Sun @command{make} to only execute
the first set of double-colon rules.  (This comment has been here since
1994 and the context has been lost.  It's probably about SunOS 4.  If
you can reproduce this, please send us a test case for illustration.)

@item @code{$<} in inference rules:
@cindex suffix rules, @code{$<}, and @code{VPATH}
@cindex @code{$<}, inference rules, and @code{VPATH}
@cindex @code{VPATH}, inference rules, and @code{$<}
One implementation of @command{make} would not prefix @code{$<} if this
prerequisite has been found in a @code{VPATH} dir.  This means that

@example
VPATH = ../src
.c.o:
        cc -c $< -o $@@
@end example

@noindent
would run @code{cc -c foo.c -o foo.o}, even if @file{foo.c} was actually
found in @file{../src/}.

This can be fixed as follows.

@example
VPATH = ../src
.c.o:
        cc -c `test -f $< || echo ../src/`$< -o $@@
@end example

This kludge was introduced in Automake in 2000, but the exact context
have been lost.  If you know which @command{make} implementation is
involved here, please drop us a note.


@item @code{$<} not supported in explicit rules
@cindex explicit rules, @code{$<}, and @code{VPATH}
@cindex @code{$<}, explicit rules, and @code{VPATH}
@cindex @code{VPATH}, explicit rules, and @code{$<}

As said elsewhere, using @code{$<} in explicit rules is not portable.
The prerequisite file must be named explicitly in the rule.  If you want
to find the prerequisite via a @code{VPATH} search, you have to code the
whole thing manually.  For instance, using the same pattern as above:

@example
VPATH = ../src
foo.o: foo.c
        cc -c `test -f foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o
@end example

@item Automatic rule rewriting
@cindex @code{VPATH} and automatic rule rewriting
@cindex automatic rule rewriting and @code{VPATH}

Some @command{make} implementations, such as SunOS @command{make}, will
search prerequisites in @code{VPATH} and rewrite all their occurrences
in the rule appropriately.

For instance

@example
VPATH = ../src
foo.o: foo.c
        cc -c foo.c -o foo.o
@end example

@noindent
would execute @code{cc -c ../src/foo.c -o foo.o} if @file{foo.c} was
found in @file{../src}.  That sounds great.

However, for the sake of other @command{make} implementations, we can't
rely on this, and we have to search @code{VPATH} manually:

@example
VPATH = ../src
foo.o: foo.c
        cc -c `test -f foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o
@end example

@noindent
However the "prerequisite rewriting" still applies here.  So if
@file{foo.c} is in @file{../src}, SunOS @command{make} will execute

@example
@code{cc -c `test -f ../src/foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o}
@end example

@noindent
which reduces to

@example
cc -c foo.c -o foo.o
@end example

@noindent
and thus fails.  Oops.

One workaround is to make sure that foo.c never appears as a plain word
in the rule.  For instance these three rules would be safe.

@example
VPATH = ../src
foo.o: foo.c
        cc -c `test -f ./foo.c || echo ../src/`foo.c -o foo.o
foo2.o: foo2.c
        cc -c `test -f 'foo2.c' || echo ../src/`foo2.c -o foo2.o
foo3.o: foo3.c
        cc -c `test -f "foo3.c" || echo ../src/`foo3.c -o foo3.o
@end example

Things get worse when your prerequisites are in a macro.

@example
VPATH = ../src
HEADERS = foo.h foo2.h foo3.h
install-HEADERS: $(HEADERS)
        for i in $(HEADERS); do \
          $(INSTALL) -m 644 `test -f $$i || echo ../src/`$$i \
            $(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/$$i; \
        done
@end example

The above @code{install-HEADERS} rule is not SunOS-proof because @code{for
i in $(HEADERS);} will be expanded as @code{for i in foo.h foo2.h foo3.h;}
where @code{foo.h} and @code{foo2.h} are plain words and are hence
subject to @code{VPATH} adjustments.

If the three files are in @file{../src}, the rule is run as:

@example
for i in ../src/foo.h ../src/foo2.h foo3.h; do \
  install -m 644 `test -f $i || echo ../src/`$i \
     /usr/local/include/$i; \
done
@end example

where the two first @command{install} calls will fail.  For instance,
consider the @code{foo.h} installation:

@example
install -m 644 `test -f ../src/foo.h || echo ../src/`../src/foo.h \
  /usr/local/include/../src/foo.h;
@end example
@noindent
It reduces to:

@example
install -m 644 ../src/foo.h /usr/local/include/../src/foo.h;
@end example

Note that the manual @code{VPATH} search did not cause any problems here;
however this command installs @file{foo.h} in an incorrect directory.

Trying to quote @code{$(HEADERS)} in some way, as we did for
@code{foo.c} a few @file{Makefile}s ago, does not help:

@example
install-HEADERS: $(HEADERS)
        headers='$(HEADERS)'; for i in $$headers; do \
          $(INSTALL) -m 644 `test -f $$i || echo ../src/`$$i \
            $(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/$$i; \
        done
@end example

Indeed, @code{headers='$(HEADERS)'} expands to @code{headers='foo.h
foo2.h foo3.h'} where @code{foo2.h} is still a plain word.  (Aside: the
@code{headers='$(HEADERS)'; for i in $$headers;} idiom is a good
idea if @code{$(HEADERS)} can be empty, because some shell produce a
syntax error on @code{for i in;}.)

One workaround is to strip this unwanted @file{../src/} prefix manually:
@example
VPATH = ../src
HEADERS = foo.h foo2.h foo3.h
install-HEADERS: $(HEADERS)
        headers='$(HEADERS)'; for i in $$headers; do \
          i=`expr "$$i" : '../src/\(.*\)'`;
          $(INSTALL) -m 644 `test -f $$i || echo ../src/`$$i \
            $(DESTDIR)$(includedir)/$$i; \
        done
@end example


@item OSF/Tru64 @command{make} creates prerequisite directories magically
@cindex @code{VPATH} and prerequisite directories
@cindex prerequisite directories and @code{VPATH}

When a prerequisite is a sub-directory of @code{VPATH}, Tru64
@command{make} will create it in the current directory.

@example
% @kbd{mkdir -p foo/bar build}
% @kbd{cd build}
% @kbd{cat >Makefile <<END
VPATH = ..
all: foo/bar
END}
% @kbd{make}
mkdir foo
mkdir foo/bar
@end example

This can yield unexpected results if a rule uses a manual @code{VPATH}
search as presented before.

@example
VPATH = ..
all : foo/bar
        command `test -d foo/bar || echo ../`foo/bar
@end example

The above @command{command} will be run on the empty @file{foo/bar}
directory that was created in the current directory.

@item target lookup
@cindex @code{VPATH}, resolving target pathnames

@acronym{GNU} @command{make} uses a rather complex algorithm to decide when it
should use files found via a @code{VPATH} search.  @xref{Search
Algorithm,, How Directory Searches are Performed, make, The @acronym{GNU} Make
Manual}.

If a target needs to be rebuilt, @acronym{GNU} @command{make} discards the
filename found during the @code{VPATH} search for this target, and
builds the file locally using the filename given in the @file{Makefile}.
If a target does not need to be rebuilt, @acronym{GNU} @command{make} uses the
filename found during the @code{VPATH} search.

Other @command{make} implementations, like BSD @command{make}, are
easier to describe: the filename found during the @code{VPATH} search
will be used whether the target needs to be rebuilt or not.  Therefore
new files are created locally, but existing files are updated at their
@code{VPATH} location.

When attempting a @code{VPATH} build for an autoconfiscated package
(e.g, @code{mkdir build; ../configure}), this means the @acronym{GNU}
@command{make} will build everything locally in the @file{build}
directory, while BSD @command{make} will build new files locally and
update existing files in the source directory.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
VPATH = ..
all: foo.x bar.x
foo.x bar.x: newer.x
        @@echo Building $@@
% @kbd{touch ../bar.x}
% @kbd{touch ../newer.x}
% @kbd{make}        # GNU make
Building foo.x
Building bar.x
% @kbd{pmake}       # BSD make
Building foo.x
Building ../bar.x
@end example

Another point worth mentioning is that once @acronym{GNU} @command{make} has
decided to ignore a @code{VPATH} filename (e.g., it ignored
@file{../bar.x} in the above example) it will continue to ignore it when
the target occurs as a prerequisite of another rule.

The following example shows that @acronym{GNU} @command{make} does not look up
@file{bar.x} in @code{VPATH} before performing the @code{.x.y} rule,
because it ignored the @code{VPATH} result of @file{bar.x} while running
the @code{bar.x: newer.x} rule.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
VPATH = ..
all: bar.y
bar.x: newer.x
        @@echo Building $@@
.SUFFIXES: .x .y
.x.y:
        cp $< $@@
% @kbd{touch ../bar.x}
% @kbd{touch ../newer.x}
% @kbd{make}        # GNU make
Building bar.x
cp bar.x bar.y
cp: cannot stat `bar.x': No such file or directory
make: *** [bar.y] Error 1
% @kbd{pmake}       # BSD make
Building ../bar.x
cp ../bar.x bar.y
@end example

Note that if you drop away the command from the @code{bar.x: newer.x}
rule, things will magically start to work: @acronym{GNU}
@command{make} knows that @code{bar.x} hasn't been updated, therefore
it doesn't discard the result from @code{VPATH} (@file{../bar.x}) in
succeeding uses.

@example
% @kbd{cat Makefile}
VPATH = ..
all: bar.y
bar.x: newer.x
.SUFFIXES: .x .y
.x.y:
        cp $< $@@
% @kbd{touch ../bar.x}
% @kbd{touch ../newer.x}
% @kbd{make}        # GNU make
cp ../bar.x bar.y
% @kbd{rm bar.y}
% @kbd{pmake}       # BSD make
cp ../bar.x bar.y
@end example
@end table
@c end item about VPATH

@item Single Suffix Rules and Separated Dependencies
@cindex Single Suffix Inference Rule
@cindex Rule, Single Suffix Inference
A @dfn{Single Suffix Rule} is basically a usual suffix (inference) rule
(@samp{.from.to:}), but which @emph{destination} suffix is empty
(@samp{.from:}).

@cindex Separated Dependencies
@dfn{Separated dependencies} simply refers to listing the prerequisite
of a target, without defining a rule.  Usually one can list on the one
hand side, the rules, and on the other hand side, the dependencies.

Solaris @command{make} does not support separated dependencies for
targets defined by single suffix rules:

@example
$ @kbd{cat Makefile}
.SUFFIXES: .in
foo: foo.in
.in:
        cp $< $@
$ @kbd{touch foo.in}
$ @kbd{make}
$ @kbd{ls}
Makefile  foo.in
@end example

@noindent
while @acronym{GNU} Make does:

@example
$ @kbd{gmake}
cp foo.in foo
$ @kbd{ls}
Makefile  foo       foo.in
@end example

Note it works without the @samp{foo: foo.in} dependency.

@example
$ @kbd{cat Makefile}
.SUFFIXES: .in
.in:
        cp $< $@
$ @kbd{make foo}
cp foo.in foo
@end example

@noindent
and it works with double suffix inference rules:

@example
$ @kbd{cat Makefile}
foo.out: foo.in
.SUFFIXES: .in .out
.in.out:
        cp $< $@
$ @kbd{make}
cp foo.in foo.out
@end example

As a result, in such a case, you have to write target rules.
@end table




@c ================================================== Manual Configuration

@node Manual Configuration
@chapter Manual Configuration

A few kinds of features can't be guessed automatically by running test
programs.  For example, the details of the object-file format, or
special options that need to be passed to the compiler or linker.  You
can check for such features using ad-hoc means, such as having
@command{configure} check the output of the @code{uname} program, or
looking for libraries that are unique to particular systems.  However,
Autoconf provides a uniform method for handling unguessable features.

@menu
* Specifying Names::            Specifying the system type
* Canonicalizing::              Getting the canonical system type
* Using System Type::           What to do with the system type
@end menu

@node Specifying Names
@section Specifying the System Type

Like other @acronym{GNU} @command{configure} scripts, Autoconf-generated
@command{configure} scripts can make decisions based on a canonical name
for the system type, which has the form:
@samp{@var{cpu}-@var{vendor}-@var{os}}, where @var{os} can be
@samp{@var{system}} or @samp{@var{kernel}-@var{system}}

@command{configure} can usually guess the canonical name for the type of
system it's running on.  To do so it runs a script called
@command{config.guess}, which infers the name using the @code{uname}
command or symbols predefined by the C preprocessor.

Alternately, the user can specify the system type with command line
arguments to @command{configure}.  Doing so is necessary when
cross-compiling.  In the most complex case of cross-compiling, three
system types are involved.  The options to specify them are:

@table @option
@item --build=@var{build-type}
the type of system on which the package is being configured and
compiled.  It defaults to the result of running @command{config.guess}.

@item --host=@var{host-type}
@ovindex cross_compiling
the type of system on which the package will run.  By default it is the
same as the build machine.  Specifying it enables the cross-compilation
mode.

@item --target=@var{target-type}
the type of system for which any compiler tools in the package will
produce code (rarely needed).  By default, it is the same as host.
@end table

If you mean to override the result of @command{config.guess}, use
@option{--build}, not @option{--host}, since the latter enables
cross-compilation.  For historical reasons, passing @option{--host} also
changes the build type.  Therefore, whenever you specify @code{--host},
be sure to specify @code{--build} too.  This will be fixed in the
future.

@example
./configure --build=i686-pc-linux-gnu --host=m68k-coff
@end example

@noindent
will enter cross-compilation mode, but @command{configure} will fail if it
can't run the code generated by the specified compiler if you configure
as follows:

@example
./configure CC=m68k-coff-gcc
@end example

@cindex @command{config.sub}
@command{configure} recognizes short aliases for many system types; for
example, @samp{decstation} can be used instead of
@samp{mips-dec-ultrix4.2}.  @command{configure} runs a script called
@command{config.sub} to canonicalize system type aliases.

This section deliberately omits the description of the obsolete
interface; see @ref{Hosts and Cross-Compilation}.


@node Canonicalizing
@section Getting the Canonical System Type

The following macros make the system type available to @command{configure}
scripts.

@ovindex build_alias
@ovindex host_alias
@ovindex target_alias

The variables @samp{build_alias}, @samp{host_alias}, and
@samp{target_alias} are always exactly the arguments of @option{--build},
@option{--host}, and @option{--target}; in particular, they are left empty
if the user did not use them, even if the corresponding
@code{AC_CANONICAL} macro was run.  Any configure script may use these
variables anywhere.  These are the variables that should be used when in
interaction with the user.

If you need to recognize some special environments based on their system
type, run the following macros to get canonical system names.  These
variables are not set before the macro call.

If you use these macros, you must distribute @command{config.guess} and
@command{config.sub} along with your source code.  @xref{Output}, for
information about the @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} macro which you can use
to control in which directory @command{configure} looks for those scripts.


@defmac AC_CANONICAL_BUILD
@acindex CANONICAL_BUILD
@ovindex build
@ovindex build_cpu
@ovindex build_vendor
@ovindex build_os
Compute the canonical build-system type variable, @code{build}, and its
three individual parts @code{build_cpu}, @code{build_vendor}, and
@code{build_os}.

If @option{--build} was specified, then @code{build} is the
canonicalization of @code{build_alias} by @command{config.sub},
otherwise it is determined by the shell script @command{config.guess}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CANONICAL_HOST
@acindex CANONICAL_HOST
@ovindex host
@ovindex host_cpu
@ovindex host_vendor
@ovindex host_os
Compute the canonical host-system type variable, @code{host}, and its
three individual parts @code{host_cpu}, @code{host_vendor}, and
@code{host_os}.

If @option{--host} was specified, then @code{host} is the
canonicalization of @code{host_alias} by @command{config.sub},
otherwise it defaults to @code{build}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
@acindex CANONICAL_TARGET
@ovindex target
@ovindex target_cpu
@ovindex target_vendor
@ovindex target_os
Compute the canonical target-system type variable, @code{target}, and its
three individual parts @code{target_cpu}, @code{target_vendor}, and
@code{target_os}.

If @option{--target} was specified, then @code{target} is the
canonicalization of @code{target_alias} by @command{config.sub},
otherwise it defaults to @code{host}.
@end defmac

Note that there can be artifacts due to the backward compatibility
code.  See @xref{Hosts and Cross-Compilation}, for more.

@node Using System Type
@section Using the System Type

How do you use a canonical system type?  Usually, you use it in one or
more @code{case} statements in @file{configure.ac} to select
system-specific C files.  Then, using @code{AC_CONFIG_LINKS}, link those
files which have names based on the system name, to generic names, such
as @file{host.h} or @file{target.c} (@pxref{Configuration Links}).  The
@code{case} statement patterns can use shell wild cards to group several
cases together, like in this fragment:

@example
case $target in
i386-*-mach* | i386-*-gnu*)
             obj_format=aout emulation=mach bfd_gas=yes ;;
i960-*-bout) obj_format=bout ;;
esac
@end example

@noindent
and later in @file{configure.ac}, use:

@example
AC_CONFIG_LINKS(host.h:config/$machine.h
                object.h:config/$obj_format.h)
@end example

Note that the above example uses @code{$target} because it's taken from
a tool which can be built on some architecture (@code{$build}), run on
another (@code{$host}), but yet handle data for a third architecture
(@code{$target}).  Such tools are usually part of a compiler suite, they
generate code for a specific @code{$target}.

However @code{$target} should be meaningless for most packages.  If you
want to base a decision on the system where your program will be run,
make sure you use the @code{$host} variable, as in the following
excerpt:

@example
case $host in
  *-*-msdos* | *-*-go32* | *-*-mingw32* | *-*-cygwin* | *-*-windows*)
    MUMBLE_INIT="mumble.ini"
    ;;
  *)
    MUMBLE_INIT=".mumbleinit"
    ;;
esac
AC_SUBST([MUMBLE_INIT])
@end example

You can also use the host system type to find cross-compilation tools.
@xref{Generic Programs}, for information about the @code{AC_CHECK_TOOL}
macro which does that.


@c ===================================================== Site Configuration.

@node Site Configuration
@chapter Site Configuration

@command{configure} scripts support several kinds of local configuration
decisions.  There are ways for users to specify where external software
packages are, include or exclude optional features, install programs
under modified names, and set default values for @command{configure}
options.

@menu
* External Software::           Working with other optional software
* Package Options::             Selecting optional features
* Pretty Help Strings::         Formatting help string
* Site Details::                Configuring site details
* Transforming Names::          Changing program names when installing
* Site Defaults::               Giving @command{configure} local defaults
@end menu

@node External Software
@section Working With External Software

Some packages require, or can optionally use, other software packages
that are already installed.  The user can give @command{configure}
command line options to specify which such external software to use.
The options have one of these forms:

@c FIXME: Can't use @ovar here, Texinfo 4.0 goes lunatic and emits something
@c awful.
@example
--with-@var{package}[=@var{arg}]
--without-@var{package}
@end example

For example, @option{--with-gnu-ld} means work with the @acronym{GNU} linker
instead of some other linker.  @option{--with-x} means work with The X
Window System.

The user can give an argument by following the package name with
@samp{=} and the argument.  Giving an argument of @samp{no} is for
packages that are used by default; it says to @emph{not} use the
package.  An argument that is neither @samp{yes} nor @samp{no} could
include a name or number of a version of the other package, to specify
more precisely which other package this program is supposed to work
with.  If no argument is given, it defaults to @samp{yes}.
@option{--without-@var{package}} is equivalent to
@option{--with-@var{package}=no}.

@command{configure} scripts do not complain about
@option{--with-@var{package}} options that they do not support.  This
behavior permits configuring a source tree containing multiple packages
with a top-level @command{configure} script when the packages support
different options, without spurious error messages about options that
some of the packages support.  An unfortunate side effect is that option
spelling errors are not diagnosed.  No better approach to this problem
has been suggested so far.

For each external software package that may be used, @file{configure.ac}
should call @code{AC_ARG_WITH} to detect whether the @command{configure}
user asked to use it.  Whether each package is used or not by default,
and which arguments are valid, is up to you.

@defmac AC_ARG_WITH (@var{package}, @var{help-string}, @ovar{action-if-given}, @ovar{action-if-not-given})
@acindex ARG_WITH
If the user gave @command{configure} the option @option{--with-@var{package}}
or @option{--without-@var{package}}, run shell commands
@var{action-if-given}.  If neither option was given, run shell commands
@var{action-if-not-given}.  The name @var{package} indicates another
software package that this program should work with.  It should consist
only of alphanumeric characters and dashes.

The option's argument is available to the shell commands
@var{action-if-given} in the shell variable @code{withval}, which is
actually just the value of the shell variable @code{with_@var{package}},
with any @option{-} characters changed into @samp{_}.  You may use that
variable instead, if you wish.

The argument @var{help-string} is a description of the option that
looks like this:
@example
  --with-readline         support fancy command line editing
@end example

@noindent
@var{help-string} may be more than one line long, if more detail is
needed.  Just make sure the columns line up in @samp{configure
--help}.  Avoid tabs in the help string.  You'll need to enclose the
help string in @samp{[} and @samp{]} in order to produce the leading
spaces.

You should format your @var{help-string} with the macro
@code{AC_HELP_STRING} (@pxref{Pretty Help Strings}).
@end defmac

@defmac AC_WITH (@var{package}, @var{action-if-given}, @ovar{action-if-not-given})
@acindex WITH
This is an obsolete version of @code{AC_ARG_WITH} that does not
support providing a help string.
@end defmac

@node Package Options
@section Choosing Package Options

If a software package has optional compile-time features, the user can
give @command{configure} command line options to specify whether to
compile them.  The options have one of these forms:

@c FIXME: Can't use @ovar here, Texinfo 4.0 goes lunatic and emits something
@c awful.
@example
--enable-@var{feature}[=@var{arg}]
--disable-@var{feature}
@end example

These options allow users to choose which optional features to build and
install.  @option{--enable-@var{feature}} options should never make a
feature behave differently or cause one feature to replace another.
They should only cause parts of the program to be built rather than left
out.

The user can give an argument by following the feature name with
@samp{=} and the argument.  Giving an argument of @samp{no} requests
that the feature @emph{not} be made available.  A feature with an
argument looks like @option{--enable-debug=stabs}.  If no argument is
given, it defaults to @samp{yes}.  @option{--disable-@var{feature}} is
equivalent to @option{--enable-@var{feature}=no}.

@command{configure} scripts do not complain about
@option{--enable-@var{feature}} options that they do not support.
This behavior permits configuring a source tree containing multiple
packages with a top-level @command{configure} script when the packages
support different options, without spurious error messages about options
that some of the packages support.
An unfortunate side effect is that option spelling errors are not diagnosed.
No better approach to this problem has been suggested so far.

For each optional feature, @file{configure.ac} should call
@code{AC_ARG_ENABLE} to detect whether the @command{configure} user asked
to include it.  Whether each feature is included or not by default, and
which arguments are valid, is up to you.

@defmac AC_ARG_ENABLE (@var{feature}, @var{help-string}, @ovar{action-if-given}, @ovar{action-if-not-given})
@acindex ARG_ENABLE
If the user gave @command{configure} the option
@option{--enable-@var{feature}} or @option{--disable-@var{feature}}, run
shell commands @var{action-if-given}.  If neither option was given, run
shell commands @var{action-if-not-given}.  The name @var{feature}
indicates an optional user-level facility.  It should consist only of
alphanumeric characters and dashes.

The option's argument is available to the shell commands
@var{action-if-given} in the shell variable @code{enableval}, which is
actually just the value of the shell variable
@code{enable_@var{feature}}, with any @option{-} characters changed into
@samp{_}.  You may use that variable instead, if you wish.  The
@var{help-string} argument is like that of @code{AC_ARG_WITH}
(@pxref{External Software}).

You should format your @var{help-string} with the macro
@code{AC_HELP_STRING} (@pxref{Pretty Help Strings}).
@end defmac

@defmac AC_ENABLE (@var{feature}, @var{action-if-given}, @ovar{action-if-not-given})
@acindex ENABLE
This is an obsolete version of @code{AC_ARG_ENABLE} that does not
support providing a help string.
@end defmac


@node Pretty Help Strings
@section Making Your Help Strings Look Pretty

Properly formatting the @samp{help strings} which are used in
@code{AC_ARG_WITH} (@pxref{External Software}) and @code{AC_ARG_ENABLE}
(@pxref{Package Options}) can be challenging.  Specifically, you want
your own @samp{help strings} to line up in the appropriate columns of
@samp{configure --help} just like the standard Autoconf @samp{help
strings} do.  This is the purpose of the @code{AC_HELP_STRING} macro.

@defmac AC_HELP_STRING (@var{left-hand-side}, @var{right-hand-side})
@acindex HELP_STRING

Expands into an help string that looks pretty when the user executes
@samp{configure --help}.  It is typically used in @code{AC_ARG_WITH}
(@pxref{External Software}) or @code{AC_ARG_ENABLE} (@pxref{Package
Options}).  The following example will make this clearer.

@example
AC_DEFUN([TEST_MACRO],
[AC_ARG_WITH([foo],
             AC_HELP_STRING([--with-foo],
                            [use foo (default is NO)]),
             [ac_cv_use_foo=$withval], [ac_cv_use_foo=no])
AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether to use foo],
               [ac_cv_use_foo], [ac_cv_use_foo=no])])
@end example

Please note that the call to @code{AC_HELP_STRING} is @strong{unquoted}.
Then the last few lines of @samp{configure --help} will appear like
this:

@example
--enable and --with options recognized:
  --with-foo              use foo (default is NO)
@end example

The @code{AC_HELP_STRING} macro is particularly helpful when the
@var{left-hand-side} and/or @var{right-hand-side} are composed of macro
arguments, as shown in the following example.

@example
AC_DEFUN(MY_ARG_WITH,
[AC_ARG_WITH([$1],
             AC_HELP_STRING([--with-$1], [use $1 (default is $2)]),
             ac_cv_use_$1=$withval, ac_cv_use_$1=no),
AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether to use $1, ac_cv_use_$1, ac_cv_use_$1=$2)])
@end example
@end defmac


@node Site Details
@section Configuring Site Details

Some software packages require complex site-specific information.  Some
examples are host names to use for certain services, company names, and
email addresses to contact.  Since some configuration scripts generated
by Metaconfig ask for such information interactively, people sometimes
wonder how to get that information in Autoconf-generated configuration
scripts, which aren't interactive.

Such site configuration information should be put in a file that is
edited @emph{only by users}, not by programs.  The location of the file
can either be based on the @code{prefix} variable, or be a standard
location such as the user's home directory.  It could even be specified
by an environment variable.  The programs should examine that file at
run time, rather than at compile time.  Run-time configuration is more
convenient for users and makes the configuration process simpler than
getting the information while configuring.  @xref{Directory Variables,,
Variables for Installation Directories, standards, @acronym{GNU} Coding
Standards}, for more information on where to put data files.

@node Transforming Names
@section Transforming Program Names When Installing

Autoconf supports changing the names of programs when installing them.
In order to use these transformations, @file{configure.ac} must call the
macro @code{AC_ARG_PROGRAM}.

@defmac AC_ARG_PROGRAM
@acindex ARG_PROGRAM
@ovindex program_transform_name
Place in output variable @code{program_transform_name} a sequence of
@code{sed} commands for changing the names of installed programs.

If any of the options described below are given to @command{configure},
program names are transformed accordingly.  Otherwise, if
@code{AC_CANONICAL_TARGET} has been called and a @option{--target} value
is given, the target type followed by a dash is used as a prefix.
Otherwise, no program name transformation is done.
@end defmac

@menu
* Transformation Options::      @command{configure} options to transform names
* Transformation Examples::     Sample uses of transforming names
* Transformation Rules::        @file{Makefile} uses of transforming names
@end menu

@node Transformation Options
@subsection Transformation Options

You can specify name transformations by giving @command{configure} these
command line options:

@table @option
@item --program-prefix=@var{prefix}
prepend @var{prefix} to the names;

@item --program-suffix=@var{suffix}
append @var{suffix} to the names;

@item --program-transform-name=@var{expression}
perform @code{sed} substitution @var{expression} on the names.
@end table

@node Transformation Examples
@subsection Transformation Examples

These transformations are useful with programs that can be part of a
cross-compilation development environment.  For example, a
cross-assembler running on a Sun 4 configured with
@option{--target=i960-vxworks} is normally installed as
@file{i960-vxworks-as}, rather than @file{as}, which could be confused
with a native Sun 4 assembler.

You can force a program name to begin with @file{g}, if you don't want
@acronym{GNU} programs installed on your system to shadow other programs with
the same name.  For example, if you configure @acronym{GNU} @code{diff} with
@option{--program-prefix=g}, then when you run @samp{make install} it is
installed as @file{/usr/local/bin/gdiff}.

As a more sophisticated example, you could use

@example
--program-transform-name='s/^/g/; s/^gg/g/; s/^gless/less/'
@end example
@noindent

to prepend @samp{g} to most of the program names in a source tree,
excepting those like @code{gdb} that already have one and those like
@code{less} and @code{lesskey} that aren't @acronym{GNU} programs.  (That is
assuming that you have a source tree containing those programs that is
set up to use this feature.)

One way to install multiple versions of some programs simultaneously is
to append a version number to the name of one or both.  For example, if
you want to keep Autoconf version 1 around for awhile, you can configure
Autoconf version 2 using @option{--program-suffix=2} to install the
programs as @file{/usr/local/bin/autoconf2},
@file{/usr/local/bin/autoheader2}, etc.  Nevertheless, pay attention
that only the binaries are renamed, therefore you'd have problems with
the library files which might overlap.

@node Transformation Rules
@subsection Transformation Rules

Here is how to use the variable @code{program_transform_name} in a
@file{Makefile.in}:

@example
PROGRAMS = cp ls rm
transform = @@program_transform_name@@
install:
        for p in $(PROGRAMS); do \
          $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $$p $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/`echo $$p | \
                                              sed '$(transform)'`; \
        done

uninstall:
        for p in $(PROGRAMS); do \
          rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/`echo $$p | sed '$(transform)'`; \
        done
@end example

It is guaranteed that @code{program_transform_name} is never empty, and
that there are no useless separators.  Therefore you may safely embed
@code{program_transform_name} within a sed program using @samp{;}:

@example
transform = @@program_transform_name@@
transform_exe = s/$(EXEEXT)$$//;$(transform);s/$$/$(EXEEXT)/
@end example

Whether to do the transformations on documentation files (Texinfo or
@code{man}) is a tricky question; there seems to be no perfect answer,
due to the several reasons for name transforming.  Documentation is not
usually particular to a specific architecture, and Texinfo files do not
conflict with system documentation.  But they might conflict with
earlier versions of the same files, and @code{man} pages sometimes do
conflict with system documentation.  As a compromise, it is probably
best to do name transformations on @code{man} pages but not on Texinfo
manuals.

@node Site Defaults
@section Setting Site Defaults

Autoconf-generated @command{configure} scripts allow your site to provide
default values for some configuration values.  You do this by creating
site- and system-wide initialization files.

@evindex CONFIG_SITE
If the environment variable @code{CONFIG_SITE} is set, @command{configure}
uses its value as the name of a shell script to read.  Otherwise, it
reads the shell script @file{@var{prefix}/share/config.site} if it exists,
then @file{@var{prefix}/etc/config.site} if it exists.  Thus,
settings in machine-specific files override those in machine-independent
ones in case of conflict.

Site files can be arbitrary shell scripts, but only certain kinds of
code are really appropriate to be in them.  Because @command{configure}
reads any cache file after it has read any site files, a site file can
define a default cache file to be shared between all Autoconf-generated
@command{configure} scripts run on that system (@pxref{Cache Files}).  If
you set a default cache file in a site file, it is a good idea to also
set the output variable @code{CC} in that site file, because the cache
file is only valid for a particular compiler, but many systems have
several available.

You can examine or override the value set by a command line option to
@command{configure} in a site file; options set shell variables that have
the same names as the options, with any dashes turned into underscores.
The exceptions are that @option{--without-} and @option{--disable-} options
are like giving the corresponding @option{--with-} or @option{--enable-}
option and the value @samp{no}.  Thus, @option{--cache-file=localcache}
sets the variable @code{cache_file} to the value @samp{localcache};
@option{--enable-warnings=no} or @option{--disable-warnings} sets the variable
@code{enable_warnings} to the value @samp{no}; @option{--prefix=/usr} sets the
variable @code{prefix} to the value @samp{/usr}; etc.

Site files are also good places to set default values for other output
variables, such as @code{CFLAGS}, if you need to give them non-default
values: anything you would normally do, repetitively, on the command
line.  If you use non-default values for @var{prefix} or
@var{exec_prefix} (wherever you locate the site file), you can set them
in the site file if you specify it with the @code{CONFIG_SITE}
environment variable.

You can set some cache values in the site file itself.  Doing this is
useful if you are cross-compiling, where it is impossible to check features
that require running a test program.  You could ``prime the cache'' by
setting those values correctly for that system in
@file{@var{prefix}/etc/config.site}.  To find out the names of the cache
variables you need to set, look for shell variables with @samp{_cv_} in
their names in the affected @command{configure} scripts, or in the Autoconf
M4 source code for those macros.

The cache file is careful to not override any variables set in the site
files.  Similarly, you should not override command-line options in the
site files.  Your code should check that variables such as @code{prefix}
and @code{cache_file} have their default values (as set near the top of
@command{configure}) before changing them.

Here is a sample file @file{/usr/share/local/gnu/share/config.site}.  The
command @samp{configure --prefix=/usr/share/local/gnu} would read this
file (if @code{CONFIG_SITE} is not set to a different file).

@example
# config.site for configure
#
# Change some defaults.
test "$prefix" = NONE && prefix=/usr/share/local/gnu
test "$exec_prefix" = NONE && exec_prefix=/usr/local/gnu
test "$sharedstatedir" = '$prefix/com' && sharedstatedir=/var
test "$localstatedir" = '$prefix/var' && localstatedir=/var

# Give Autoconf 2.x generated configure scripts a shared default
# cache file for feature test results, architecture-specific.
if test "$cache_file" = /dev/null; then
  cache_file="$prefix/var/config.cache"
  # A cache file is only valid for one C compiler.
  CC=gcc
fi
@end example


@c ============================================== Running configure Scripts.

@node Running configure Scripts
@chapter Running @command{configure} Scripts
@cindex @command{configure}

Below are instructions on how to configure a package that uses a
@command{configure} script, suitable for inclusion as an @file{INSTALL}
file in the package.  A plain-text version of @file{INSTALL} which you
may use comes with Autoconf.

@menu
* Basic Installation::          Instructions for typical cases
* Compilers and Options::       Selecting compilers and optimization
* Multiple Architectures::      Compiling for multiple architectures at once
* Installation Names::          Installing in different directories
* Optional Features::           Selecting optional features
* System Type::                 Specifying the system type
* Sharing Defaults::            Setting site-wide defaults for @command{configure}
* Defining Variables::          Specifying the compiler etc.
* configure Invocation::        Changing how @command{configure} runs
@end menu

@set autoconf
@include install.texi


@c ============================================== Recreating a Configuration

@node config.status Invocation
@chapter Recreating a Configuration
@cindex @command{config.status}

The @command{configure} script creates a file named @file{config.status},
which actually configures, @dfn{instantiates}, the template files.  It
also records the configuration options that were specified when the
package was last configured in case reconfiguring is needed.

Synopsis:
@example
./config.status @var{option}@dots{} [@var{file}@dots{}]
@end example

It configures the @var{files}; if none are specified, all the templates
are instantiated.  The files must be specified without their
dependencies, as in

@example
./config.status foobar
@end example

@noindent
not

@example
./config.status foobar:foo.in:bar.in
@end example

The supported @var{option}s are:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options, the list of the template
files, and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

@item --silent
@itemx --quiet
@itemx -q
Do not print progress messages.

@item --debug
@itemx -d
Don't remove the temporary files.

@item --file=@var{file}[:@var{template}]
Require that @var{file} be instantiated as if
@samp{AC_CONFIG_FILES(@var{file}:@var{template})} was used.  Both
@var{file} and @var{template} may be @samp{-} in which case the standard
output and/or standard input, respectively, is used.  If a
@var{template} filename is relative, it is first looked for in the build
tree, and then in the source tree.  @xref{Configuration Actions}, for
more details.

This option and the following ones provide one way for separately
distributed packages to share the values computed by @command{configure}.
Doing so can be useful if some of the packages need a superset of the
features that one of them, perhaps a common library, does.  These
options allow a @file{config.status} file to create files other than the
ones that its @file{configure.ac} specifies, so it can be used for a
different package.

@item --header=@var{file}[:@var{template}]
Same as @option{--file} above, but with @samp{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}.

@item --recheck
Ask @file{config.status} to update itself and exit (no instantiation).
This option is useful if you change @command{configure}, so that the
results of some tests might be different from the previous run.  The
@option{--recheck} option re-runs @command{configure} with the same arguments
you used before, plus the @option{--no-create} option, which prevents
@command{configure} from running @file{config.status} and creating
@file{Makefile} and other files, and the @option{--no-recursion} option,
which prevents @command{configure} from running other @command{configure}
scripts in subdirectories.  (This is so other @file{Makefile} rules can
run @file{config.status} when it changes; @pxref{Automatic Remaking},
for an example).
@end table

@file{config.status} checks several optional environment variables that
can alter its behavior:

@defvar CONFIG_SHELL
@evindex CONFIG_SHELL
The shell with which to run @command{configure} for the @option{--recheck}
option.  It must be Bourne-compatible.  The default is a shell that
supports @env{LINENO} if available, and @file{/bin/sh} otherwise.
@end defvar

@defvar CONFIG_STATUS
@evindex CONFIG_STATUS
The file name to use for the shell script that records the
configuration.  The default is @file{./config.status}.  This variable is
useful when one package uses parts of another and the @command{configure}
scripts shouldn't be merged because they are maintained separately.
@end defvar

You can use @file{./config.status} in your Makefiles.  For example, in
the dependencies given above (@pxref{Automatic Remaking}),
@file{config.status} is run twice when @file{configure.ac} has changed.
If that bothers you, you can make each run only regenerate the files for
that rule:
@example
@group
config.h: stamp-h
stamp-h: config.h.in config.status
        ./config.status config.h
        echo > stamp-h

Makefile: Makefile.in config.status
        ./config.status Makefile
@end group
@end example

The calling convention of @file{config.status} has changed; see
@ref{Obsolete config.status Use}, for details.


@c =================================================== Obsolete Constructs

@node Obsolete Constructs
@chapter Obsolete Constructs

Autoconf changes, and throughout the years some constructs have been
obsoleted.  Most of the changes involve the macros, but in some cases
the tools themselves, or even some concepts, are now considered
obsolete.

You may completely skip this chapter if you are new to Autoconf.  Its
intention is mainly to help maintainers updating their packages by
understanding how to move to more modern constructs.

@menu
* Obsolete config.status Use::  Different calling convention
* acconfig.h::                  Additional entries in @file{config.h.in}
* autoupdate Invocation::       Automatic update of @file{configure.ac}
* Obsolete Macros::             Backward compatibility macros
* Autoconf 1::                  Tips for upgrading your files
* Autoconf 2.13::               Some fresher tips
@end menu

@node Obsolete config.status Use
@section Obsolete @file{config.status} Invocation

@file{config.status} now supports arguments to specify the files to
instantiate; see @ref{config.status Invocation}, for more details.
Before, environment variables had to be used.

@defvar CONFIG_COMMANDS
@evindex CONFIG_COMMANDS
The tags of the commands to execute.  The default is the arguments given
to @code{AC_OUTPUT} and @code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS} in
@file{configure.ac}.
@end defvar

@defvar CONFIG_FILES
@evindex CONFIG_FILES
The files in which to perform @samp{@@@var{variable}@@} substitutions.
The default is the arguments given to @code{AC_OUTPUT} and
@code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} in @file{configure.ac}.
@end defvar

@defvar CONFIG_HEADERS
@evindex CONFIG_HEADERS
The files in which to substitute C @code{#define} statements.  The
default is the arguments given to @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}; if that
macro was not called, @file{config.status} ignores this variable.
@end defvar

@defvar CONFIG_LINKS
@evindex CONFIG_LINKS
The symbolic links to establish.  The default is the arguments given to
@code{AC_CONFIG_LINKS}; if that macro was not called,
@file{config.status} ignores this variable.
@end defvar

In @ref{config.status Invocation}, using this old interface, the example
would be:

@example
@group
config.h: stamp-h
stamp-h: config.h.in config.status
        CONFIG_COMMANDS= CONFIG_LINKS= CONFIG_FILES= \
          CONFIG_HEADERS=config.h ./config.status
        echo > stamp-h

Makefile: Makefile.in config.status
        CONFIG_COMMANDS= CONFIG_LINKS= CONFIG_HEADERS= \
          CONFIG_FILES=Makefile ./config.status
@end group
@end example

@noindent
(If @file{configure.ac} does not call @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}, there is
no need to set @code{CONFIG_HEADERS} in the @code{make} rules.  Equally
for @code{CONFIG_COMMANDS} etc.)


@node acconfig.h
@section @file{acconfig.h}

@cindex @file{acconfig.h}
@cindex @file{config.h.top}
@cindex @file{config.h.bot}

In order to produce @file{config.h.in}, @command{autoheader} needs to
build or to find templates for each symbol.  Modern releases of Autoconf
use @code{AH_VERBATIM} and @code{AH_TEMPLATE} (@pxref{Autoheader
Macros}), but in older releases a file, @file{acconfig.h}, contained the
list of needed templates.  @command{autoheader} copied comments and
@code{#define} and @code{#undef} statements from @file{acconfig.h} in
the current directory, if present.  This file used to be mandatory if
you @code{AC_DEFINE} any additional symbols.

Modern releases of Autoconf also provide @code{AH_TOP} and
@code{AH_BOTTOM} if you need to prepend/append some information to
@file{config.h.in}.  Ancient versions of Autoconf had a similar feature:
if @file{./acconfig.h} contains the string @samp{@@TOP@@},
@command{autoheader} copies the lines before the line containing
@samp{@@TOP@@} into the top of the file that it generates.  Similarly,
if @file{./acconfig.h} contains the string @samp{@@BOTTOM@@},
@command{autoheader} copies the lines after that line to the end of the
file it generates.  Either or both of those strings may be omitted.  An
even older alternate way to produce the same effect in ancient versions
of Autoconf is to create the files @file{@var{file}.top} (typically
@file{config.h.top}) and/or @file{@var{file}.bot} in the current
directory.  If they exist, @command{autoheader} copies them to the
beginning and end, respectively, of its output.

In former versions of Autoconf, the files used in preparing a software
package for distribution were:
@example
@group
configure.ac --.   .------> autoconf* -----> configure
               +---+
[aclocal.m4] --+   `---.
[acsite.m4] ---'       |
                       +--> [autoheader*] -> [config.h.in]
[acconfig.h] ----.     |
                 +-----'
[config.h.top] --+
[config.h.bot] --'
@end group
@end example

Using only the @code{AH_} macros, @file{configure.ac} should be
self-contained, and should not depend upon @file{acconfig.h} etc.


@node autoupdate Invocation
@section Using @command{autoupdate} to Modernize @file{configure.ac}
@cindex @command{autoupdate}

The @command{autoupdate} program updates a @file{configure.ac} file that
calls Autoconf macros by their old names to use the current macro names.
In version 2 of Autoconf, most of the macros were renamed to use a more
uniform and descriptive naming scheme.  @xref{Macro Names}, for a
description of the new scheme.  Although the old names still work
(@pxref{Obsolete Macros}, for a list of the old macros and the corresponding
new names), you can make your @file{configure.ac} files more readable
and make it easier to use the current Autoconf documentation if you
update them to use the new macro names.

@evindex SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
If given no arguments, @command{autoupdate} updates @file{configure.ac},
backing up the original version with the suffix @file{~} (or the value
of the environment variable @code{SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX}, if that is
set).  If you give @command{autoupdate} an argument, it reads that file
instead of @file{configure.ac} and writes the updated file to the
standard output.

@noindent
@command{autoupdate} accepts the following options:

@table @option
@item --help
@itemx -h
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Print the version number of Autoconf and exit.

@item --verbose
@itemx -v
Report processing steps.

@item --debug
@itemx -d
Don't remove the temporary files.

@item --force
@itemx -f
Force the update even if the file has not changed.  Disregard the cache.

@item --include=@var{dir}
@itemx -I @var{dir}
Also look for input files in @var{dir}.  Multiple invocations accumulate.
Directories are browsed from last to first.
@end table

@node Obsolete Macros
@section Obsolete Macros

Several macros are obsoleted in Autoconf, for various reasons (typically
they failed to quote properly, couldn't be extended for more recent
issues etc.).  They are still supported, but deprecated: their use
should be avoided.

During the jump from Autoconf version 1 to version 2, most of the
macros were renamed to use a more uniform and descriptive naming scheme,
but their signature did not change.  @xref{Macro Names}, for a
description of the new naming scheme.  Below, if there is just the mapping
from old names to new names for these macros, the reader is invited to
refer to the definition of the new macro for the signature and the
description.

@defmac AC_ALLOCA
@acindex ALLOCA
@code{AC_FUNC_ALLOCA}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_ARG_ARRAY
@acindex ARG_ARRAY
removed because of limited usefulness
@end defmac

@defmac AC_C_CROSS
@acindex C_CROSS
This macro is obsolete; it does nothing.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM
@acindex CANONICAL_SYSTEM
Determine the system type and set output variables to the names of the
canonical system types.  @xref{Canonicalizing}, for details about the
variables this macro sets.

The user is encouraged to use either @code{AC_CANONICAL_BUILD}, or
@code{AC_CANONICAL_HOST}, or @code{AC_CANONICAL_TARGET}, depending on
the needs.  Using @code{AC_CANONICAL_TARGET} is enough to run the two
other macros.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHAR_UNSIGNED
@acindex CHAR_UNSIGNED
@code{AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CHECK_TYPE (@var{type}, @var{default})
@acindex CHECK_TYPE
Autoconf, up to 2.13, used to provide this version of
@code{AC_CHECK_TYPE}, deprecated because of its flaws.  Firstly, although
it is a member of the @code{CHECK} clan, singular sub-family, it does
more than just checking.  Secondly, missing types are not
@code{typedef}'d, they are @code{#define}'d, which can lead to
incompatible code in the case of pointer types.

This use of @code{AC_CHECK_TYPE} is obsolete and discouraged; see
@ref{Generic Types}, for the description of the current macro.

If the type @var{type} is not defined, define it to be the C (or C++)
builtin type @var{default}, e.g., @samp{short} or @samp{unsigned}.

This macro is equivalent to:

@example
AC_CHECK_TYPE([@var{type}],,
              [AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([@var{type}], [@var{default}],
                                  [Define to `@var{default}' if
                                   <sys/types.h> does not define.])])
@end example

In order to keep backward compatibility, the two versions of
@code{AC_CHECK_TYPE} are implemented, selected by a simple heuristics:

@enumerate
@item
If there are three or four arguments, the modern version is used.

@item
If the second argument appears to be a C or C++ type, then the
obsolete version is used.  This happens if the argument is a C or C++
@emph{builtin} type or a C identifier ending in @samp{_t}, optionally
followed by one of @samp{[(* } and then by a string of zero or more
characters taken from the set @samp{[]()* _a-zA-Z0-9}.

@item
If the second argument is spelled with the alphabet of valid C and C++
types, the user is warned and the modern version is used.

@item
Otherwise, the modern version is used.
@end enumerate

@noindent
You are encouraged either to use a valid builtin type, or to use the
equivalent modern code (see above), or better yet, to use
@code{AC_CHECK_TYPES} together with

@example
#if !HAVE_LOFF_T
typedef loff_t off_t;
#endif
@end example
@end defmac
@c end of AC_CHECK_TYPE

@defmac AC_CHECKING (@var{feature-description})
@acindex CHECKING
Same as @samp{AC_MSG_NOTICE([checking @var{feature-description}@dots{}]}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_COMPILE_CHECK (@var{echo-text}, @var{includes}, @var{function-body}, @var{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex COMPILE_CHECK
This is an obsolete version of @code{AC_TRY_COMPILE} itself replaced by
@code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE} (@pxref{Running the Compiler}), with the
addition that it prints @samp{checking for @var{echo-text}} to the
standard output first, if @var{echo-text} is non-empty.  Use
@code{AC_MSG_CHECKING} and @code{AC_MSG_RESULT} instead to print
messages (@pxref{Printing Messages}).
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CONST
@acindex CONST
@code{AC_C_CONST}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CROSS_CHECK
@acindex CROSS_CHECK
Same as @code{AC_C_CROSS}, which is obsolete too, and does nothing
@code{:-)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_CYGWIN
@acindex CYGWIN
Check for the Cygwin environment in which case the shell variable
@code{CYGWIN} is set to @samp{yes}.  Don't use this macro, the dignified
means to check the nature of the host is using
@code{AC_CANONICAL_HOST}.  As a matter of fact this macro is defined as:

@example
AC_REQUIRE([AC_CANONICAL_HOST])[]dnl
case $host_os in
  *cygwin* ) CYGWIN=yes;;
         * ) CYGWIN=no;;
esac
@end example

Beware that the variable @code{CYGWIN} has a very special meaning when
running CygWin32, and should not be changed.  That's yet another reason
not to use this macro.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST
@acindex DECL_SYS_SIGLIST
@cvindex SYS_SIGLIST_DECLARED
Same as @samp{AC_CHECK_DECLS([sys_siglist])}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DECL_YYTEXT
@acindex DECL_YYTEXT
Does nothing, now integrated in @code{AC_PROG_LEX}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DIR_HEADER
@acindex DIR_HEADER
@cvindex DIRENT
@cvindex SYSNDIR
@cvindex SYSDIR
@cvindex NDIR
Like calling @code{AC_FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID} and@code{AC_HEADER_DIRENT},
but defines a different set of C preprocessor macros to indicate which
header file is found:

@multitable {@file{sys/ndir.h}} {Old Symbol} {@code{HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H}}
@item Header            @tab Old Symbol     @tab New Symbol
@item @file{dirent.h}   @tab @code{DIRENT}  @tab @code{HAVE_DIRENT_H}
@item @file{sys/ndir.h} @tab @code{SYSNDIR} @tab @code{HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H}
@item @file{sys/dir.h}  @tab @code{SYSDIR}  @tab @code{HAVE_SYS_DIR_H}
@item @file{ndir.h}     @tab @code{NDIR}    @tab @code{HAVE_NDIR_H}
@end multitable
@end defmac

@defmac AC_DYNIX_SEQ
@acindex DYNIX_SEQ
If on DYNIX/ptx, add @option{-lseq} to output variable
@code{LIBS}.  This macro used to be defined as

@example
AC_CHECK_LIB(seq, getmntent, LIBS="-lseq $LIBS")
@end example

@noindent
now it is just @code{AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_EXEEXT
@acindex EXEEXT
@ovindex EXEEXT
Defined the output variable @code{EXEEXT} based on the output of the
compiler, which is now done automatically.  Typically set to empty
string if Unix and @samp{.exe} if Win32 or OS/2.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_EMXOS2
@acindex EMXOS2
Similar to @code{AC_CYGWIN} but checks for the EMX environment on OS/2
and sets @code{EMXOS2}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_ERROR
@acindex ERROR
@code{AC_MSG_ERROR}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FIND_X
@acindex FIND_X
@code{AC_PATH_X}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FIND_XTRA
@acindex FIND_XTRA
@code{AC_PATH_XTRA}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_CHECK
@acindex FUNC_CHECK
@code{AC_CHECK_FUNC}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_FUNC_WAIT3
@acindex FUNC_WAIT3
@cvindex HAVE_WAIT3
If @code{wait3} is found and fills in the contents of its third argument
(a @samp{struct rusage *}), which HP-UX does not do, define
@code{HAVE_WAIT3}.

These days portable programs should use @code{waitpid}, not
@code{wait3}, as @code{wait3} is being removed from the Open Group
standards, and will not appear in the next revision of POSIX.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_GCC_TRADITIONAL
@acindex GCC_TRADITIONAL
@code{AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_GETGROUPS_T
@acindex GETGROUPS_T
@code{AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_GETLOADAVG
@acindex GETLOADAVG
@code{AC_FUNC_GETLOADAVG}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HAVE_FUNCS
@acindex HAVE_FUNCS
@code{AC_CHECK_FUNCS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HAVE_HEADERS
@acindex HAVE_HEADERS
@code{AC_CHECK_HEADERS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HAVE_LIBRARY (@var{library}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found}, @ovar{other-libraries})
@acindex HAVE_LIBRARY
This macro is equivalent to calling @code{AC_CHECK_LIB} with a
@var{function} argument of @code{main}.  In addition, @var{library} can
be written as any of @samp{foo}, @option{-lfoo}, or @samp{libfoo.a}.  In
all of those cases, the compiler is passed @option{-lfoo}.  However,
@var{library} cannot be a shell variable; it must be a literal name.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HAVE_POUNDBANG
@acindex HAVE_POUNDBANG
@code{AC_SYS_INTERPRETER} (different calling convention)
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HEADER_CHECK
@acindex HEADER_CHECK
@code{AC_CHECK_HEADER}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_HEADER_EGREP
@acindex HEADER_EGREP
@code{AC_EGREP_HEADER}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_INIT (@var{unique-file-in-source-dir})
@acindex INIT
Formerly @code{AC_INIT} used to have a single argument, and was
equivalent to:

@example
AC_INIT
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(@var{unique-file-in-source-dir})
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_INLINE
@acindex INLINE
@code{AC_C_INLINE}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_INT_16_BITS
@acindex INT_16_BITS
@cvindex INT_16_BITS
If the C type @code{int} is 16 bits wide, define @code{INT_16_BITS}.
Use @samp{AC_CHECK_SIZEOF(int)} instead.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_IRIX_SUN
@acindex IRIX_SUN
If on @sc{irix} (Silicon Graphics @sc{unix}), add @option{-lsun} to output
@code{LIBS}.  If you were using it to get @code{getmntent}, use
@code{AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT} instead.  If you used it for the NIS versions
of the password and group functions, use @samp{AC_CHECK_LIB(sun,
getpwnam)}.  Up to Autoconf 2.13, it used to be

@example
AC_CHECK_LIB(sun, getmntent, LIBS="-lsun $LIBS")
@end example

@noindent
now it is defined as

@example
AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT
AC_CHECK_LIB(sun, getpwnam)
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_C
@acindex LANG_C
Same as @samp{AC_LANG(C)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
@acindex LANG_CPLUSPLUS
Same as @samp{AC_LANG(C++)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_FORTRAN77
@acindex LANG_FORTRAN77
Same as @samp{AC_LANG(Fortran 77)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_RESTORE
@acindex LANG_RESTORE
Select the @var{language} that is saved on the top of the stack, as set
by @code{AC_LANG_SAVE}, remove it from the stack, and call
@code{AC_LANG(@var{language})}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LANG_SAVE
@acindex LANG_SAVE
Remember the current language (as set by @code{AC_LANG}) on a stack.
The current language does not change.  @code{AC_LANG_PUSH} is preferred.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LINK_FILES (@var{source}@dots{}, @var{dest}@dots{})
@acindex LINK_FILES
This is an obsolete version of @code{AC_CONFIG_LINKS}.  An updated
version of:

@example
AC_LINK_FILES(config/$machine.h config/$obj_format.h,
              host.h            object.h)
@end example

@noindent
is:

@example
AC_CONFIG_LINKS(host.h:config/$machine.h
                object.h:config/$obj_format.h)
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LN_S
@acindex LN_S
@code{AC_PROG_LN_S}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LONG_64_BITS
@acindex LONG_64_BITS
@cvindex LONG_64_BITS
Define @code{LONG_64_BITS} if the C type @code{long int} is 64 bits wide.
Use the generic macro @samp{AC_CHECK_SIZEOF([long int])} instead.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LONG_DOUBLE
@acindex LONG_DOUBLE
@code{AC_C_LONG_DOUBLE}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_LONG_FILE_NAMES
@acindex LONG_FILE_NAMES
@code{AC_SYS_LONG_FILE_NAMES}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MAJOR_HEADER
@acindex MAJOR_HEADER
@code{AC_HEADER_MAJOR}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MEMORY_H
@acindex MEMORY_H
@cvindex NEED_MEMORY_H
Used to define @code{NEED_MEMORY_H} if the @code{mem} functions were
defined in @file{memory.h}.  Today it is equivalent to
@samp{AC_CHECK_HEADERS(memory.h)}.  Adjust your code to depend upon
@code{HAVE_MEMORY_H}, not @code{NEED_MEMORY_H}; see @ref{Standard
Symbols}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MINGW32
@acindex MINGW32
Similar to @code{AC_CYGWIN} but checks for the MingW32 compiler
environment and sets @code{MINGW32}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MINUS_C_MINUS_O
@acindex MINUS_C_MINUS_O
@code{AC_PROG_CC_C_O}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MMAP
@acindex MMAP
@code{AC_FUNC_MMAP}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_MODE_T
@acindex MODE_T
@code{AC_TYPE_MODE_T}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_OBJEXT
@acindex OBJEXT
@ovindex OBJEXT
Defined the output variable @code{OBJEXT} based on the output of the
compiler, after .c files have been excluded.  Typically set to @samp{o}
if Unix, @samp{obj} if Win32.  Now the compiler checking macros handle
this automatically.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_OBSOLETE (@var{this-macro-name}, @ovar{suggestion})
@acindex OBSOLETE
Make M4 print a message to the standard error output warning that
@var{this-macro-name} is obsolete, and giving the file and line number
where it was called.  @var{this-macro-name} should be the name of the
macro that is calling @code{AC_OBSOLETE}.  If @var{suggestion} is given,
it is printed at the end of the warning message; for example, it can be
a suggestion for what to use instead of @var{this-macro-name}.

For instance

@example
AC_OBSOLETE([$0], [; use AC_CHECK_HEADERS(unistd.h) instead])dnl
@end example

You are encouraged to use @code{AU_DEFUN} instead, since it gives better
services to the user.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_OFF_T
@acindex OFF_T
@code{AC_TYPE_OFF_T}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_OUTPUT (@ovar{file}@dots{}, @ovar{extra-cmds}, @ovar{init-cmds})
@acindex OUTPUT
The use of @code{AC_OUTPUT} with argument is deprecated.  This obsoleted
interface is equivalent to:

@example
@group
AC_CONFIG_FILES(@var{file}@dots{})
AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([default],
                   @var{extra-cmds}, @var{init-cmds})
AC_OUTPUT
@end group
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS (@var{extra-cmds}, @ovar{init-cmds})
@acindex OUTPUT_COMMANDS
Specify additional shell commands to run at the end of
@file{config.status}, and shell commands to initialize any variables
from @command{configure}.  This macro may be called multiple times.  It is
obsolete, replaced by @code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS}.

Here is an unrealistic example:

@example
fubar=27
AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS([echo this is extra $fubar, and so on.],
                   [fubar=$fubar])
AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS([echo this is another, extra, bit],
                   [echo init bit])
@end example

Aside from the fact that @code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS} requires an
additional key, an important difference is that
@code{AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS} is quoting its arguments twice, unlike
@code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS}.  This means that @code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS}
can safely be given macro calls as arguments:

@example
AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS(foo, [my_FOO()])
@end example

@noindent
Conversely, where one level of quoting was enough for literal strings
with @code{AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS}, you need two with
@code{AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS}.  The following lines are equivalent:

@example
@group
AC_OUTPUT_COMMANDS([echo "Square brackets: []"])
AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([default], [[echo "Square brackets: []"]])
@end group
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PID_T
@acindex PID_T
@code{AC_TYPE_PID_T}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PREFIX
@acindex PREFIX
@code{AC_PREFIX_PROGRAM}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROG_CC_STDC
@acindex PROG_CC_STDC
This macro has been integrated into @code{AC_PROG_CC}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROGRAMS_CHECK
@acindex PROGRAMS_CHECK
@code{AC_CHECK_PROGS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROGRAMS_PATH
@acindex PROGRAMS_PATH
@code{AC_PATH_PROGS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROGRAM_CHECK
@acindex PROGRAM_CHECK
@code{AC_CHECK_PROG}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROGRAM_EGREP
@acindex PROGRAM_EGREP
@code{AC_EGREP_CPP}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_PROGRAM_PATH
@acindex PROGRAM_PATH
@code{AC_PATH_PROG}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_REMOTE_TAPE
@acindex REMOTE_TAPE
removed because of limited usefulness
@end defmac

@defmac AC_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
@acindex RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
@code{AC_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_RETSIGTYPE
@acindex RETSIGTYPE
@code{AC_TYPE_SIGNAL}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_RSH
@acindex RSH
removed because of limited usefulness
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SCO_INTL
@acindex SCO_INTL
@ovindex LIBS
If on SCO UNIX, add @option{-lintl} to output variable @code{LIBS}.  This
macro used to

@example
AC_CHECK_LIB(intl, strftime, LIBS="-lintl $LIBS")
@end example

@noindent
Now it just calls @code{AC_FUNC_STRFTIME} instead.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SETVBUF_REVERSED
@acindex SETVBUF_REVERSED
@code{AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SET_MAKE
@acindex SET_MAKE
@code{AC_PROG_MAKE_SET}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SIZEOF_TYPE
@acindex SIZEOF_TYPE
@code{AC_CHECK_SIZEOF}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SIZE_T
@acindex SIZE_T
@code{AC_TYPE_SIZE_T}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_STAT_MACROS_BROKEN
@acindex STAT_MACROS_BROKEN
@code{AC_HEADER_STAT}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_STDC_HEADERS
@acindex STDC_HEADERS
@code{AC_HEADER_STDC}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_STRCOLL
@acindex STRCOLL
@code{AC_FUNC_STRCOLL}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_ST_BLKSIZE
@acindex ST_BLKSIZE
@code{AC_CHECK_MEMBERS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_ST_BLOCKS
@acindex ST_BLOCKS
@code{AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_ST_RDEV
@acindex ST_RDEV
@code{AC_CHECK_MEMBERS}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
@acindex SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
@cvindex HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
If the system automatically restarts a system call that is interrupted
by a signal, define @code{HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS}.  This macro does
not check if system calls are restarted in general--it tests whether a
signal handler installed with @code{signal} (but not @code{sigaction})
causes system calls to be restarted.  It does not test if system calls
can be restarted when interrupted by signals that have no handler.

These days portable programs should use @code{sigaction} with
@code{SA_RESTART} if they want restartable system calls.  They should
not rely on @code{HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS}, since nowadays whether a
system call is restartable is a dynamic issue, not a configuration-time
issue.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_SYS_SIGLIST_DECLARED
@acindex SYS_SIGLIST_DECLARED
@code{AC_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TEST_CPP
@acindex TEST_CPP
@code{AC_TRY_CPP}, replaced with @code{AC_PREPROC_IFELSE}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TEST_PROGRAM
@acindex TEST_PROGRAM
@code{AC_TRY_RUN}, replaced with @code{AC_RUN_IFELSE}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TIMEZONE
@acindex TIMEZONE
@code{AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
@acindex TIME_WITH_SYS_TIME
@code{AC_HEADER_TIME}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TRY_COMPILE (@var{includes}, @var{function-body}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex TRY_COMPILE
Same as @samp{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[@var{includes}]],
[[@var{function-body}]])], [@var{action-if-true}],
[@var{action-if-false}])} (@pxref{Running the Compiler}).

This macro double quotes both @var{includes} and @var{function-body}.

For C and C++, @var{includes} is any @code{#include} statements needed
by the code in @var{function-body} (@var{includes} will be ignored if
the currently selected language is Fortran 77).  This macro also uses
@code{CFLAGS} or @code{CXXFLAGS} if either C or C++ is the currently
selected language, as well as @code{CPPFLAGS}, when compiling.  If
Fortran 77 is the currently selected language then @code{FFLAGS} will be
used when compiling.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TRY_CPP (@var{input}, @ovar{action-if-true}, @ovar{action-if-false})
@acindex TRY_CPP
Same as @samp{AC_PREPROC_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[@var{input}]])],
[@var{action-if-true}], [@var{action-if-false}])} (@pxref{Running the
Preprocessor}).

This macro double quotes the @var{input}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TRY_LINK (@var{includes}, @var{function-body}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex TRY_LINK
Same as @samp{AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[@var{includes}]],
[[@var{function-body}]])], [@var{action-if-true}],
[@var{action-if-false}])} (@pxref{Running the Compiler}).

This macro double quotes both @var{includes} and @var{function-body}.

Depending on the current language (@pxref{Language Choice}), create a
test program to see whether a function whose body consists of
@var{function-body} can be compiled and linked.  If the file compiles
and links successfully, run shell commands @var{action-if-found},
otherwise run @var{action-if-not-found}.

This macro double quotes both @var{includes} and @var{function-body}.

For C and C++, @var{includes} is any @code{#include} statements needed
by the code in @var{function-body} (@var{includes} will be ignored if
the currently selected language is Fortran 77).  This macro also uses
@code{CFLAGS} or @code{CXXFLAGS} if either C or C++ is the currently
selected language, as well as @code{CPPFLAGS}, when compiling.  If
Fortran 77 is the currently selected language then @code{FFLAGS} will be
used when compiling.  However, both @code{LDFLAGS} and @code{LIBS} will
be used during linking in all cases.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TRY_LINK_FUNC (@var{function}, @ovar{action-if-found}, @ovar{action-if-not-found})
@acindex TRY_LINK_FUNC
This macro is equivalent to
@samp{AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_CALL([[@var{includes}]],
[[@var{function-body}]])], [@var{action-if-true}],
[@var{action-if-false}])}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_TRY_RUN (@var{program}, @ovar{action-if-true}, @ovar{action-if-false}, @ovar{action-if-cross-compiling})
@acindex TRY_RUN
Same as @samp{AC_RUN_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[@var{program}]],
[@var{action-if-true}], [@var{action-if-false}],
[@var{action-if-cross-compiling}])} (@pxref{Run Time}).
@end defmac


@defmac AC_UID_T
@acindex UID_T
@code{AC_TYPE_UID_T}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_UNISTD_H
@acindex UNISTD_H
Same as @samp{AC_CHECK_HEADERS(unistd.h)}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_USG
@acindex USG
@cvindex USG
Define @code{USG} if the @acronym{BSD} string functions are defined in
@file{strings.h}.  You should no longer depend upon @code{USG}, but on
@code{HAVE_STRING_H}; see @ref{Standard Symbols}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_UTIME_NULL
@acindex UTIME_NULL
@code{AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_VALIDATE_CACHED_SYSTEM_TUPLE (@ovar{cmd})
@acindex VALIDATE_CACHED_SYSTEM_TUPLE
If the cache file is inconsistent with the current host, target and
build system types, it used to execute @var{cmd} or print a default
error message.  This is now handled by default.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_VERBOSE (@var{result-description})
@acindex VERBOSE
@code{AC_MSG_RESULT}.
@end defmac

@defmac AC_VFORK
@acindex VFORK
@code{AC_FUNC_VFORK}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_VPRINTF
@acindex VPRINTF
@code{AC_FUNC_VPRINTF}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_WAIT3
@acindex WAIT3
@code{AC_FUNC_WAIT3}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_WARN
@acindex WARN
@code{AC_MSG_WARN}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_WORDS_BIGENDIAN
@acindex WORDS_BIGENDIAN
@code{AC_C_BIGENDIAN}
@end defmac

@defmac AC_XENIX_DIR
@acindex XENIX_DIR
@ovindex LIBS
This macro used to add @option{-lx} to output variable @code{LIBS} if on
Xenix.  Also, if @file{dirent.h} is being checked for, added
@option{-ldir} to @code{LIBS}.  Now it is merely an alias of
@code{AC_HEADER_DIRENT} instead, plus some code to detect whether
running @sc{xenix} on which you should not depend:

@example
AC_MSG_CHECKING([for Xenix])
AC_EGREP_CPP(yes,
[#if defined M_XENIX && !defined M_UNIX
  yes
#endif],
             [AC_MSG_RESULT([yes]); XENIX=yes],
             [AC_MSG_RESULT([no]); XENIX=])
@end example
@end defmac

@defmac AC_YYTEXT_POINTER
@acindex YYTEXT_POINTER
@code{AC_DECL_YYTEXT}
@end defmac

@node Autoconf 1
@section Upgrading From Version 1

Autoconf version 2 is mostly backward compatible with version 1.
However, it introduces better ways to do some things, and doesn't
support some of the ugly things in version 1.  So, depending on how
sophisticated your @file{configure.ac} files are, you might have to do
some manual work in order to upgrade to version 2.  This chapter points
out some problems to watch for when upgrading.  Also, perhaps your
@command{configure} scripts could benefit from some of the new features in
version 2; the changes are summarized in the file @file{NEWS} in the
Autoconf distribution.

@menu
* Changed File Names::          Files you might rename
* Changed Makefiles::           New things to put in @file{Makefile.in}
* Changed Macros::              Macro calls you might replace
* Changed Results::             Changes in how to check test results
* Changed Macro Writing::       Better ways to write your own macros
@end menu

@node Changed File Names
@subsection Changed File Names

If you have an @file{aclocal.m4} installed with Autoconf (as opposed to
in a particular package's source directory), you must rename it to
@file{acsite.m4}.  @xref{autoconf Invocation}.

If you distribute @file{install.sh} with your package, rename it to
@file{install-sh} so @code{make} builtin rules won't inadvertently
create a file called @file{install} from it.  @code{AC_PROG_INSTALL}
looks for the script under both names, but it is best to use the new name.

If you were using @file{config.h.top}, @file{config.h.bot}, or
@file{acconfig.h}, you still can, but you will have less clutter if you
use the @code{AH_} macros.  @xref{Autoheader Macros}.

@node Changed Makefiles
@subsection Changed Makefiles

Add @samp{@@CFLAGS@@}, @samp{@@CPPFLAGS@@}, and @samp{@@LDFLAGS@@} in
your @file{Makefile.in} files, so they can take advantage of the values
of those variables in the environment when @command{configure} is run.
Doing this isn't necessary, but it's a convenience for users.

Also add @samp{@@configure_input@@} in a comment to each input file for
@code{AC_OUTPUT}, so that the output files will contain a comment saying
they were produced by @command{configure}.  Automatically selecting the
right comment syntax for all the kinds of files that people call
@code{AC_OUTPUT} on became too much work.

Add @file{config.log} and @file{config.cache} to the list of files you
remove in @code{distclean} targets.

If you have the following in @file{Makefile.in}:

@example
prefix = /usr/local
exec_prefix = $(prefix)
@end example

@noindent
you must change it to:

@example
prefix = @@prefix@@
exec_prefix = @@exec_prefix@@
@end example

@noindent
The old behavior of replacing those variables without @samp{@@}
characters around them has been removed.

@node Changed Macros
@subsection Changed Macros

Many of the macros were renamed in Autoconf version 2.  You can still
use the old names, but the new ones are clearer, and it's easier to find
the documentation for them.  @xref{Obsolete Macros}, for a table showing the
new names for the old macros.  Use the @command{autoupdate} program to
convert your @file{configure.ac} to using the new macro names.
@xref{autoupdate Invocation}.

Some macros have been superseded by similar ones that do the job better,
but are not call-compatible.  If you get warnings about calling obsolete
macros while running @command{autoconf}, you may safely ignore them, but
your @command{configure} script will generally work better if you follow
the advice that is printed about what to replace the obsolete macros with.  In
particular, the mechanism for reporting the results of tests has
changed.  If you were using @code{echo} or @code{AC_VERBOSE} (perhaps
via @code{AC_COMPILE_CHECK}), your @command{configure} script's output will
look better if you switch to @code{AC_MSG_CHECKING} and
@code{AC_MSG_RESULT}.  @xref{Printing Messages}.  Those macros work best
in conjunction with cache variables.  @xref{Caching Results}.



@node Changed Results
@subsection Changed Results

If you were checking the results of previous tests by examining the
shell variable @code{DEFS}, you need to switch to checking the values of
the cache variables for those tests.  @code{DEFS} no longer exists while
@command{configure} is running; it is only created when generating output
files.  This difference from version 1 is because properly quoting the
contents of that variable turned out to be too cumbersome and
inefficient to do every time @code{AC_DEFINE} is called.  @xref{Cache
Variable Names}.

For example, here is a @file{configure.ac} fragment written for Autoconf
version 1:

@example
AC_HAVE_FUNCS(syslog)
case "$DEFS" in
*-DHAVE_SYSLOG*) ;;
*) # syslog is not in the default libraries.  See if it's in some other.
  saved_LIBS="$LIBS"
  for lib in bsd socket inet; do
    AC_CHECKING(for syslog in -l$lib)
    LIBS="$saved_LIBS -l$lib"
    AC_HAVE_FUNCS(syslog)
    case "$DEFS" in
    *-DHAVE_SYSLOG*) break ;;
    *) ;;
    esac
    LIBS="$saved_LIBS"
  done ;;
esac
@end example

Here is a way to write it for version 2:

@example
AC_CHECK_FUNCS(syslog)
if test $ac_cv_func_syslog = no; then
  # syslog is not in the default libraries.  See if it's in some other.
  for lib in bsd socket inet; do
    AC_CHECK_LIB($lib, syslog, [AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SYSLOG)
      LIBS="$LIBS -l$lib"; break])
  done
fi
@end example

If you were working around bugs in @code{AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED} by adding
backslashes before quotes, you need to remove them.  It now works
predictably, and does not treat quotes (except back quotes) specially.
@xref{Setting Output Variables}.

All of the Boolean shell variables set by Autoconf macros now use
@samp{yes} for the true value.  Most of them use @samp{no} for false,
though for backward compatibility some use the empty string instead.  If
you were relying on a shell variable being set to something like 1 or
@samp{t} for true, you need to change your tests.

@node Changed Macro Writing
@subsection Changed Macro Writing

When defining your own macros, you should now use @code{AC_DEFUN}
instead of @code{define}.  @code{AC_DEFUN} automatically calls
@code{AC_PROVIDE} and ensures that macros called via @code{AC_REQUIRE}
do not interrupt other macros, to prevent nested @samp{checking@dots{}}
messages on the screen.  There's no actual harm in continuing to use the
older way, but it's less convenient and attractive.  @xref{Macro
Definitions}.

You probably looked at the macros that came with Autoconf as a guide for
how to do things.  It would be a good idea to take a look at the new
versions of them, as the style is somewhat improved and they take
advantage of some new features.

If you were doing tricky things with undocumented Autoconf internals
(macros, variables, diversions), check whether you need to change
anything to account for changes that have been made.  Perhaps you can
even use an officially supported technique in version 2 instead of
kludging.  Or perhaps not.

To speed up your locally written feature tests, add caching to them.
See whether any of your tests are of general enough usefulness to
encapsulate them into macros that you can share.


@node Autoconf 2.13
@section Upgrading From Version 2.13

The introduction of the previous section (@pxref{Autoconf 1}) perfectly
suits this section@enddots{}

@quotation
Autoconf version 2.50 is mostly backward compatible with version 2.13.
However, it introduces better ways to do some things, and doesn't
support some of the ugly things in version 2.13.  So, depending on how
sophisticated your @file{configure.ac} files are, you might have to do
some manual work in order to upgrade to version 2.50.  This chapter
points out some problems to watch for when upgrading.  Also, perhaps
your @command{configure} scripts could benefit from some of the new
features in version 2.50; the changes are summarized in the file
@file{NEWS} in the Autoconf distribution.
@end quotation

@menu
* Changed Quotation::           Broken code which used to work
* New Macros::                  Interaction with foreign macros
* Hosts and Cross-Compilation::  Bugward compatibility kludges
* AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS::        LIBOBJS is a forbidden token
* AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO::  A more generic scheme for testing sources
@end menu

@node Changed Quotation
@subsection Changed Quotation

The most important changes are invisible to you: the implementation of
most macros have completely changed.  This allowed more factorization of
the code, better error messages, a higher uniformity of the user's
interface etc.  Unfortunately, as a side effect, some construct which
used to (miraculously) work might break starting with Autoconf 2.50.
The most common culprit is bad quotation.

For instance, in the following example, the message is not properly
quoted:

@example
AC_INIT
AC_CHECK_HEADERS(foo.h,,
AC_MSG_ERROR(cannot find foo.h, bailing out))
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

@noindent
Autoconf 2.13 simply ignores it:

@example
$ @kbd{autoconf-2.13; ./configure --silent}
creating cache ./config.cache
configure: error: cannot find foo.h
$
@end example

@noindent
while Autoconf 2.50 will produce a broken @file{configure}:

@example
$ @kbd{autoconf-2.50; ./configure --silent}
configure: error: cannot find foo.h
./configure: exit: bad non-numeric arg `bailing'
./configure: exit: bad non-numeric arg `bailing'
$
@end example

The message needs to be quoted, and the @code{AC_MSG_ERROR} invocation
too!

@example
AC_INIT
AC_CHECK_HEADERS(foo.h,,
                 [AC_MSG_ERROR([cannot find foo.h, bailing out])])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

Many many (and many more) Autoconf macros were lacking proper quotation,
including no less than@dots{} @code{AC_DEFUN} itself!

@example
$ @kbd{cat configure.in}
AC_DEFUN([AC_PROG_INSTALL],
[# My own much better version
])
AC_INIT
AC_PROG_INSTALL
AC_OUTPUT
$ @kbd{autoconf-2.13}
autoconf: Undefined macros:
***BUG in Autoconf--please report*** AC_FD_MSG
***BUG in Autoconf--please report*** AC_EPI
configure.in:1:AC_DEFUN([AC_PROG_INSTALL],
configure.in:5:AC_PROG_INSTALL
$ @kbd{autoconf-2.50}
$
@end example


@node New Macros
@subsection New Macros

@cindex undefined macro
@cindex @code{_m4_divert_diversion}

Because Autoconf has been dormant for years, Automake provided
Autoconf-like macros for a while.  Autoconf 2.50 now provides better
versions of these macros, integrated in the @code{AC_} namespace,
instead of @code{AM_}.  But in order to ease the upgrading via
@command{autoupdate}, bindings to such @code{AM_} macros are provided.

Unfortunately Automake did not quote the names of these macros!
Therefore, when @command{m4} finds something like
@samp{AC_DEFUN(AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T, @dots{})} in @file{aclocal.m4},
@code{AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T} is
expanded, replaced with its Autoconf definition.

Fortunately Autoconf catches pre-@code{AC_INIT} expansions, and will
complain, in its own words:

@example
$ @kbd{cat configure.in}
AC_INIT
AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
$ @kbd{aclocal-1.4}
$ @kbd{autoconf}
./aclocal.m4:17: error: m4_defn: undefined macro: _m4_divert_diversion
actypes.m4:289: AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T is expanded from...
./aclocal.m4:17: the top level
$
@end example

Future versions of Automake will simply no longer define most of these
macros, and will properly quote the names of the remaining macros.
But you don't have to wait for it to happen to do the right thing right
now: do not depend upon macros from Automake as it is simply not its job
to provide macros (but the one it requires itself):

@example
$ @kbd{cat configure.in}
AC_INIT
AM_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
$ @kbd{rm aclocal.m4}
$ @kbd{autoupdate}
autoupdate: `configure.in' is updated
$ @kbd{cat configure.in}
AC_INIT
AC_CHECK_TYPES([ptrdiff_t])
$ @kbd{aclocal-1.4}
$ @kbd{autoconf}
$
@end example


@node Hosts and Cross-Compilation
@subsection Hosts and Cross-Compilation

Based on the experience of compiler writers, and after long public
debates, many aspects of the cross-compilation chain have changed:

@itemize @minus
@item
the relationship between the build, host, and target architecture types,

@item
the command line interface for specifying them to @command{configure},

@item
the variables defined in @command{configure},

@item
the enabling of cross-compilation mode.
@end itemize

@sp 1

The relationship between build, host, and target have been cleaned up:
the chain of default is now simply: target defaults to host, host to
build, and build to the result of @command{config.guess}.  Nevertheless,
in order to ease the transition from 2.13 to 2.50, the following
transition scheme is implemented.  @emph{Do not rely on it}, as it will
be completely disabled in a couple of releases (we cannot keep it, as it
proves to cause more problems than it cures).

They all default to the result of running @command{config.guess}, unless
you specify either @option{--build} or @option{--host}.  In this case,
the default becomes the system type you specified.  If you specify both,
and they're different, @command{configure} will enter cross compilation
mode, so it won't run any tests that require execution.

Hint: if you mean to override the result of @command{config.guess},
prefer @option{--build} over @option{--host}.  In the future,
@option{--host} will not override the name of the build system type.
Whenever you specify @code{--host}, be sure to specify @code{--build}
too.

@sp 1

For backward compatibility, @command{configure} will accept a system
type as an option by itself.  Such an option will override the
defaults for build, host, and target system types.  The following
configure statement will configure a cross toolchain that will run on
Net@acronym{BSD}/alpha but generate code for @acronym{GNU} Hurd/sparc, which is
also the build platform.

@example
./configure --host=alpha-netbsd sparc-gnu
@end example

@sp 1

In Autoconf 2.13 and before, the variables @code{build}, @code{host},
and @code{target} had a different semantics before and after the
invocation of @code{AC_CANONICAL_BUILD} etc.  Now, the argument of
@option{--build} is strictly copied into @code{build_alias}, and is left
empty otherwise.  After the @code{AC_CANONICAL_BUILD}, @code{build} is
set to the canonicalized build type.  To ease the transition, before,
its contents is the same as that of @code{build_alias}.  Do @emph{not}
rely on this broken feature.

For consistency with the backward compatibility scheme exposed above,
when @option{--host} is specified but @option{--build} isn't, the build
system will be assumed to be the same as @option{--host}, and
@samp{build_alias} will be set to that value.  Eventually, this
historically incorrect behavior will go away.

@sp 1

The former scheme to enable cross-compilation proved to cause more harm
than good, in particular, it used to be triggered too easily, leaving
regular end users puzzled in front of cryptic error messages.
@command{configure} could even enter cross-compilation mode only
because the compiler was not functional.  This is mainly because
@command{configure} used to try to detect cross-compilation, instead of
waiting for an explicit flag from the user.

Now, @command{configure} enters cross-compilation mode if and only if
@option{--host} is passed.

That's the short documentation.  To ease the transition between 2.13 and
its successors, a more complicated scheme is implemented.  @emph{Do not
rely on the following}, as it will be removed in the near future.

If you specify @option{--host}, but not @option{--build}, when
@command{configure} performs the first compiler test it will try to run
an executable produced by the compiler.  If the execution fails, it will
enter cross-compilation mode.  This is fragile.  Moreover, by the time
the compiler test is performed, it may be too late to modify the
build-system type: other tests may have already been performed.
Therefore, whenever you specify @code{--host}, be sure to specify
@code{--build} too.

@example
./configure --build=i686-pc-linux-gnu --host=m68k-coff
@end example

@noindent
will enter cross-compilation mode.  The former interface, which
consisted in setting the compiler to a cross-compiler without informing
@command{configure} is obsolete.  For instance, @command{configure} will
fail if it can't run the code generated by the specified compiler if you
configure as follows:

@example
./configure CC=m68k-coff-gcc
@end example


@node AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS
@subsection @code{AC_LIBOBJ} vs.@: @code{LIBOBJS}

Up to Autoconf 2.13, the replacement of functions was triggered via the
variable @code{LIBOBJS}.  Since Autoconf 2.50, the macro
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} should be used instead (@pxref{Generic Functions}).
Starting at Autoconf 2.53, the use of @code{LIBOBJS} is an error.

This change is mandated by the unification of the @acronym{GNU} Build System
components.  In particular, the various fragile techniques used to parse
a @file{configure.ac} are all replaced with the use of traces.  As a
consequence, any action must be traceable, which obsoletes critical
variable assignments.  Fortunately, @code{LIBOBJS} was the only problem,
and it can even be handled gracefully (read, ``without your having to
change something'').

There were two typical uses of @code{LIBOBJS}: asking for a replacement
function, and adjusting @code{LIBOBJS} for Automake and/or Libtool.

@sp 1

As for function replacement, the fix is immediate: use
@code{AC_LIBOBJ}.  For instance:

@example
LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS fnmatch.o"
LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS malloc.$ac_objext"
@end example

@noindent
should be replaced with:

@example
AC_LIBOBJ([fnmatch])
AC_LIBOBJ([malloc])
@end example

@sp 1

@ovindex U
@cindex @code{$U}
When asked for automatic de-ANSI-fication, Automake needs
@code{LIBOBJS}'ed filenames to have @samp{$U} appended to the base
names.  Libtool requires the definition of @code{LTLIBOBJS}, whose
suffixes are mapped to @samp{.lo}.  People used to run snippets such as:

@example
# This is necessary so that .o files in LIBOBJS are also built via
# the ANSI2KNR-filtering rules.
LIBOBJS=`echo "$LIBOBJS" | sed 's/\.o /\$U.o /g;s/\.o$/\$U.o/'`
LTLIBOBJS=`echo "$LIBOBJS" | sed 's/\.o/\.lo/g'`
AC_SUBST(LTLIBOBJS)
@end example

@noindent
Note that this code is @emph{wrong}, because @samp{.o} is not the only
possible extension@footnote{
@c
Yet another reason why assigning @code{LIBOBJS} directly is discouraged.
@c
}!  It should have read:

@example
# This is necessary so that .o files in LIBOBJS are also built via
# the ANSI2KNR-filtering rules.
LIB@@&t@@OBJS=`echo "$LIB@@&t@@OBJS" |
             sed 's,\.[[^.]]* ,$U&,g;s,\.[[^.]]*$,$U&,'`
LTLIBOBJS=`echo "$LIB@@&t@@OBJS" |
           sed 's,\.[[^.]]* ,.lo ,g;s,\.[[^.]]*$,.lo,'`
AC_SUBST(LTLIBOBJS)
@end example

@sp 1

You no longer have to use this: @code{AC_OUTPUT} normalizes
@code{LIBOBJS} and @code{LTLIBOBJS} (hence it works with any version of
Automake and Libtool).  Just remove these lines (@command{autoupdate}
cannot handle this task, since this is not a macro).

Note that @code{U} must not be used in your Makefiles.


@node AC_FOO_IFELSE vs AC_TRY_FOO
@subsection @code{AC_FOO_IFELSE} vs.@: @code{AC_TRY_FOO}

Since Autoconf 2.50, internal codes uses @code{AC_PREPROC_IFELSE},
@code{AC_COMPILE_IFELSE}, @code{AC_LINK_IFELSE}, and
@code{AC_RUN_IFELSE} on the other one hand and @code{AC_LANG_SOURCES},
and @code{AC_LANG_PROGRAM} on the other hand instead of the deprecated
@code{AC_TRY_CPP}, @code{AC_TRY_COMPILE}, @code{AC_TRY_LINK}, and
@code{AC_TRY_RUN}.  The motivations where:
@itemize @minus
@item
a more consistent interface: @code{AC_TRY_COMPILE} etc.@: were double
quoting their arguments;

@item
the combinatoric explosion is solved by decomposing on the one hand the
generation of sources, and on the other hand executing the program;

@item
this scheme helps supporting more languages than plain C and C++.
@end itemize

In addition to the change of syntax, the philosphy has changed too:
while emphasis was put on speed at the expense of accuracy, today's
Autoconf promotes accuracy of the testing framework at, ahem..., the
expense of speed.


As a perfect example of what is @emph{not} to be done, here is how to
find out whether a header file contains a particular declaration, such
as a typedef, a structure, a structure member, or a function.  Use
@code{AC_EGREP_HEADER} instead of running @code{grep} directly on the
header file; on some systems the symbol might be defined in another
header file that the file you are checking @samp{#include}s.

As a (bad) example, here is how you should not check for C preprocessor
symbols, either defined by header files or predefined by the C
preprocessor: using @code{AC_EGREP_CPP}:

@example
@group
AC_EGREP_CPP(yes,
[#ifdef _AIX
  yes
#endif
], is_aix=yes, is_aix=no)
@end group
@end example

The above example, properly written would (i) use
@code{AC_LANG_PROGRAM}, and (ii) run the compiler:

@example
@group
AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
[[#if !defined _AIX
# error _AIX not defined
#endif
]])],
                   [is_aix=yes],
                   [is_aix=no])
@end group
@end example


@c ============================= Generating Test Suites with Autotest

@node Using Autotest
@chapter Generating Test Suites with Autotest

@cindex Autotest

@display
@strong{Note: This section describes an experimental feature which will
be part of Autoconf in a forthcoming release.  Although we believe
Autotest is stabilizing, this documentation describes an interface which
might change in the future: do not depend upon Autotest without
subscribing to the Autoconf mailing lists.}
@end display

It is paradoxical that portable projects depend on nonportable tools
to run their test suite.  Autoconf by itself is the paragon of this
problem: although it aims at perfectly portability, up to 2.13, its
test suite was using Deja@acronym{GNU}, a rich and complex testing
framework, but which is far from being standard on Unix systems.
Worse yet, it was likely to be missing on the most fragile platforms,
the very platforms that are most likely to torture Autoconf and
exhibit deficiencies.

To circumvent this problem many package maintainers have developed their
own testing framework, based on simple shell scripts whose sole output
are their exit status: the test succeeded, or failed.  In addition, most
of these tests share some common patterns, what results in lots of
duplicated code, tedious maintenance etc.

Following exactly the same reasoning that yielded to the inception of
Autoconf, Autotest provides a test suite generation frame work, based on
M4 macros, building a portable shell script.  The suite itself is
equipped with automatic logging and tracing facilities which greatly
diminish the interaction with bug reporters, and simple timing reports.

Autoconf itself has been using Autotest for years, and we do attest that
it has considerably improved the strength of the test suite, and the
quality of bug reports.  Other projects are known to use some generation
of Autotest, such as Bison, Free Recode, Free Wdiff, @acronym{GNU} Tar, each of
them having different needs, what slowly polishes Autotest as a general
testing framework.

Nonetheless, compared to Deja@acronym{GNU}, Autotest is inadequate for
interactive tool testing, which is probably its main limitation.

@menu
* Using an Autotest Test Suite::  Autotest and the user
* Writing testsuite.at::        Autotest macros
* testsuite Invocation::        Running @command{testsuite} scripts
* Making testsuite Scripts::    Using autom4te to create @command{testsuite}
@end menu

@node Using an Autotest Test Suite
@section Using an Autotest Test Suite

@menu
* testsuite Scripts::           The concepts of Autotest
* Autotest Logs::               Their contents
@end menu

@node testsuite Scripts
@subsection @command{testsuite} Scripts

@cindex @command{testsuite}

Generating testing or validation suites using Autotest is rather easy.
The whole validation suite is held in a file to be processed through
@command{autom4te}, itself using @acronym{GNU} M4 under the scene, to
produce a stand-alone Bourne shell script which then gets distributed.
Neither @command{autom4te} nor @acronym{GNU} M4 are not needed anymore at
the installer end.

@cindex test group
Each test of the validation suite should be part of some test group.  A
@dfn{test group} is a sequence of interwoven tests that ought to be
executed together, usually because one test in the group creates data
files than a later test in the same group needs to read.  Complex test
groups make later debugging more tedious.  It is much better keeping
keep only a few tests per test group, and if you can put only one test
per test group, this is just ideal.

For all but the simplest packages, some file such as @file{testsuite.at}
does not fully hold all test sources, as these are often easier to
maintain in separate files.  Each of these separate files holds a single
test group, or a sequence of test groups all addressing some common
functionality in the package.  In such cases, file @file{testsuite.at}
only initializes the whole validation suite, and sometimes do elementary
health checking, before listing include statements for all other test
files.  The special file @file{package.m4}, containing the
identification of the package, is automatically included if found.

The validation scripts that Autotest produces are by convention called
@command{testsuite}.  When run, @command{testsuite} executes each test
group in turn, producing only one summary line per test to say if that
particular test succeeded or failed.  At end of all tests, summarizing
counters get printed.  If any test failed, one debugging script gets
automatically generated for each test group which failed.  These
debugging scripts are named @file{testsuite.@var{nn}}, where @var{nn} is
the sequence number of the test group.  In the ideal situation, none of
the tests fail, and consequently, no debugging script is generated out
of validation.

The automatic generation of debugging scripts for failed test has the
purpose of easing the chase for bugs.

It often happens in practice that individual tests in the validation
suite need to get information coming out of the configuration process.
Some of this information, common for all validation suites, is provided
through the file @file{atconfig}, automatically created by
@code{AC_CONFIG_TESTDIR}.  For configuration informations which your
testing environment specifically needs, you might prepare an optional
file named @file{atlocal.in}, instantiated by @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES}.
The configuration process produces @file{atconfig} and @file{atlocal}
out of these two input files, and these two produced files are
automatically read by the @file{testsuite} script.

Here is a diagram showing the relationship between files.

@noindent
Files used in preparing a software package for distribution:

@example
subfile-1.at ->.
    ...         \
subfile-i.at ---->-- testsuite.at -->.
    ...         /                     \
subfile-n.at ->'                       >-- autom4te* -->testsuite
                                      /
                      [package.m4] ->'
@end example

@noindent
Files used in configuring a software package:

@example
                                     .--> atconfig
                                    /
[atlocal.in] -->  config.status* --<
                                    \
                                     `--> [atlocal]
@end example

@noindent
Files created during the test suite execution:

@example
atconfig -->.                    .--> testsuite.log
             \                  /
              >-- testsuite* --<
             /                  \
[atlocal] ->'                    `--> [testsuite.@var{nn}*]
@end example


@node Autotest Logs
@subsection Autotest Logs

When run, the test suite creates a log file named after itself, e.g., a
test suite named @command{testsuite} creates @file{testsuite.log}.  It
contains a lot of information, usually more than maintainers actually
need, but therefore most of the time it contains all that is needed:

@table @asis
@item command line arguments
@c akim s/to consist in/to consist of/
A very bad Unix habit which is unfortunately wide spread consists of
setting environment variables before the command, such as in
@samp{CC=my-home-grown-cc ./testsuite}.  This results in the test suite
not knowing this change, hence (i) it can't report it to you, and (ii)
it cannot preserve the value of @code{CC} for subsequent runs@footnote{
@c
When a failure occurs, the test suite is rerun, verbosely, and the user
is asked to ``play'' with this failure to provide better information.
It is important to keep the same environment between the first run, and
bug-tracking runs.
@c
}.  Autoconf faced exactly the same problem, and solved it by asking
users to pass the variable definitions as command line arguments.
Autotest requires this rule too, but has no means to enforce it; the log
then contains a trace of the variables the user changed.

@item @file{ChangeLog} excerpts
The topmost lines of all the @file{ChangeLog}s found in the source
hierarchy.  This is especially useful when bugs are reported against
development versions of the package, since the version string does not
provide sufficient information to know the exact state of the sources
the user compiled.  Of course this relies on the use of a
@file{ChangeLog}.

@item build machine
Running a test suite in a cross-compile environment is not an easy task,
since it would mean having the test suite run on a machine @var{build},
while running programs on a machine @var{host}.  It is much simpler to
run both the test suite and the programs on @var{host}, but then, from
the point of view of the test suite, there remains a single environment,
@var{host} = @var{build}.  The log contains relevant information on the
state of the build machine, including some important environment
variables.
@c FIXME: How about having an M4sh macro to say `hey, log the value
@c of `@dots{}'?  This would help both Autoconf and Autotest.

@item tested programs
The absolute path and answers to @option{--version} of the tested
programs (see @ref{Writing testsuite.at}, @code{AT_TESTED}).

@item configuration log
The contents of @file{config.log}, as created by @command{configure},
are appended.  It contains the configuration flags and a detailed report
on the configuration itself.
@end table


@node Writing testsuite.at
@section Writing @file{testsuite.at}

The @file{testsuite.at} is a Bourne shell script making use of special
Autotest M4 macros.  It often contains a call to @code{AT_INIT} nears
its beginning followed by one call to @code{m4_include} per source file
for tests.  Each such included file, or the remainder of
@file{testsuite.at} if include files are not used, contain a sequence of
test groups.  Each test group begins with one call to @code{AT_SETUP},
it contains an arbitrary number of shell commands or calls to
@code{AT_CHECK}, and it completes with one call to @code{AT_CLEANUP}.

@defmac AT_INIT (@ovar{name})
@atindex INIT
@c FIXME: Not clear, plus duplication of the information.
Initialize Autotest.  Giving a @var{name} to the test suite is
encouraged if your package includes several test suites.  In any case,
the test suite always displays the package name and version.  It also
inherits the package bug report address.
@end defmac

@defmac AT_TESTED (@var{executables})
@atindex TESTED
Log the path and answer to @option{--version} of each program in
space-separated list @var{executables}.  Several invocations register
new executables, in other words, don't fear registering one program
several times.
@end defmac

Autotest test suites rely on the @code{PATH} to find the tested program.
This saves from generating the absolute paths to the various tools, and
makes it possible to test installed programs.  Therefore, knowing what
programs are being exercised is crucial to understand some problems in
the test suite itself, or its occasional misuses.  It is a good idea to
also subscribe foreign programs you depend upon, to ease incompatibility
diagnostics.

@sp 1

@defmac AT_SETUP (@var{test-group-name})
@atindex SETUP
This macro starts a group of related tests, all to be executed in the
same subshell.  It accepts a single argument, which holds a few words
(no more than about 30 or 40 characters) quickly describing the purpose
of the test group being started.
@end defmac

@defmac AT_KEYWORDS (@var{keywords})
@atindex KEYWORDS
Associate the space-separated list of @var{keywords} to the enclosing
test group.  This makes it possible to run ``slices'' of the test suite.
For instance if some of your test groups exercise some @samp{foo}
feature, then using @samp{AT_KEYWORDS(foo)} lets you run
@samp{./testsuite -k foo} to run exclusively these test groups.  The
@var{title} of the test group is automatically recorded to
@code{AT_KEYWORDS}.

Several invocations within a test group accumulate new keywords.  In
other words, don't fear registering several times the same keyword in a
test group.
@end defmac

@defmac AT_CLEANUP
@atindex CLEANUP
End the current test group.
@end defmac

@sp 1

@defmac AT_DATA (@var{file}, @var{contents})
@atindex DATA
Initialize an input data @var{file} with given @var{contents}.  Of
course, the @var{contents} have to be properly quoted between square
brackets to protect against included commas or spurious M4
expansion.  The contents ought to end with an end of line.
@end defmac

@defmac AT_CHECK (@var{commands}, @dvar{status, @samp{0}}, @ovar{stdout}, @ovar{stderr})
@atindex CHECK
Execute a test by performing given shell @var{commands}.  These commands
should normally exit with @var{status}, while producing expected
@var{stdout} and @var{stderr} contents.  If @var{commands} exit with
status 77, then the whole test group is skipped.

The @var{commands} @emph{must not} redirect the standard output, nor the
standard error.

If @var{status}, or @var{stdout}, or @var{stderr} is @samp{ignore}, then
the corresponding value is not checked.

The special value @samp{expout} for @var{stdout} means the expected
output of the @var{commands} is the content of the file @file{expout}.
If @var{stdout} is @samp{stdout}, then the standard output of the
@var{commands} is available for further tests in the file @file{stdout}.
Similarly for @var{stderr} with @samp{expout} and @samp{stderr}.
@end defmac


@node testsuite Invocation
@section Running @command{testsuite} Scripts
@cindex @command{testsuite}

Autotest test suites support the following arguments:

@table @samp
@item --help
@itemx -h
Display the list of options and exit successfully.

@item --version
@itemx -V
Display the version of the test suite and exit successfully.

@item --clean
@itemx -c
Remove all the files the test suite might have created and exit.  Meant
for @code{clean} Makefile targets.

@item --list
@itemx -l
List all the tests (or only the selection), including their possible
keywords.
@end table

@sp 1

By default all the tests are performed (or described with
@option{--list}) in the default environment first silently, then
verbosely, but the environment, set of tests, and verbosity level can be
tuned:

@table @samp
@item @var{variable}=@var{value}
Set the environment @var{variable} to @var{value}.  Do not run
@samp{FOO=foo ./testsuite} as debugging scripts would then run in a
different environment.

@cindex @code{AUTOTEST_PATH}
The variable @code{AUTOTEST_PATH} specifies the testing path to prepend
to @code{PATH}.  It handles specially relative paths (not starting with
@samp{/}): they are considered to be relative to the top level of the
package being built.  All the directories are made absolute, first
starting from the top level @emph{build} tree, then from the
@emph{source} tree.  For instance @samp{./testsuite
AUTOTEST_PATH=tests:bin} for a @file{/src/foo-1.0} source package built
in @file{/tmp/foo} results in @samp{/tmp/foo/tests:/tmp/foo/bin} and
then @samp{/src/foo-1.0/tests:/src/foo-1.0/bin} being prepended to
@code{PATH}.

@item @var{number}
@itemx @var{number}-@var{number}
@itemx @var{number}-
@itemx -@var{number}
Add the corresponding test groups, with obvious semantics, to the
selection.

@item --keywords=@var{keywords}
@itemx -k @var{keywords}
Add to the selection the test groups which title or keywords (arguments
to @code{AT_SETUP} or @code{AT_KEYWORDS}) match @emph{all} the keywords
of the comma separated list @var{keywords}.

Running @samp{./testsuite -k autoupdate,FUNC} will select all the tests
tagged with @samp{autoupdate} @emph{and} @samp{FUNC} (as in
@samp{AC_CHECK_FUNC}, @samp{AC_FUNC_FNMATCH} etc.) while
@samp{./testsuite -k autoupdate -k FUNC} runs all the tests tagged with
@samp{autoupdate} @emph{or} @samp{FUNC}.

@item --errexit
@itemx -e
If any test fails, immediately abort testing.  It implies
@option{--debug}: post test group clean up, debugging script generation,
and logging are inhibited.  This option is meant for the full test
suite, it is not really useful for generated debugging scripts.

@item --verbose
@itemx -v
Force more verbosity in the detailed output of what is being done.  This
is the default for debugging scripts.

@item --debug
@itemx -d
Do not remove the files after a test group was performed ---but they are
still removed @emph{before}, therefore using this option is sane when
running several test groups.  Do not create debugging scripts.  Do not
log (in order to preserve supposedly existing full log file).  This is
the default for debugging scripts.

@item --trace
@itemx -x
Trigger shell tracing of the test groups.
@end table


@node Making testsuite Scripts
@section Making @command{testsuite} Scripts

For putting Autotest into movement, you need some configuration and
Makefile machinery.  We recommend, at least if your package uses deep or
shallow hierarchies, that you use @file{tests/} as the name of the
directory holding all your tests and their @file{Makefile}.  Here is a
check list of things to do.

@itemize @minus

@item
@cindex @file{package.m4}
Make sure to create the file @file{package.m4}, which defines the
identity of the package.  It must define @code{AT_PACKAGE_STRING}, the
full signature of the package, and @code{AT_PACKAGE_BUGREPORT}, the
address to which bug reports should be sent.  For sake of completeness,
we suggest that you also define @code{AT_PACKAGE_NAME},
@code{AT_PACKAGE_TARNAME}, and @code{AT_PACKAGE_VERSION}.
@xref{Initializing configure}, for a description of these variables.  We
suggest the following Makefile excerpt:

@smallexample
$(srcdir)/package.m4: $(top_srcdir)/configure.ac
        @{                                      \
          echo '# Signature of the current package.'; \
          echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_NAME],      [@@PACKAGE_NAME@@])'; \
          echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_TARNAME],   [@@PACKAGE_TARNAME@@])'; \
          echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_VERSION],   [@@PACKAGE_VERSION@@])'; \
          echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_STRING],    [@@PACKAGE_STRING@@])'; \
          echo 'm4_define([AT_PACKAGE_BUGREPORT], [@@PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@@])'; \
        @} >$(srcdir)/package.m4
@end smallexample

@noindent
Be sure to distribute @file{package.m4} and to put it into the source
hierarchy: the test suite ought to be shipped!

@item
Invoke @code{AC_CONFIG_TESTDIR}.

@defmac AC_CONFIG_TESTDIR (@var{directory}, @dvar{test-path, @var{directory}})
@acindex CONFIG_TESTDIR
An Autotest test suite is to be configured in @var{directory}.  This
macro requires the instantiation of @file{@var{directory}/atconfig} from
@file{@var{directory}/atconfig.in}, and sets the default
@code{AUTOTEST_PATH} to @var{test-path} (@pxref{testsuite Invocation}).
@end defmac

@item
Still within @file{configure.ac}, as appropriate, ensure that some
@code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} command includes substitution for
@file{tests/atlocal}.

@item
The @file{tests/Makefile.in} should be modified so the validation in
your package is triggered by @samp{make check}.  An example is provided
below.
@end itemize

With Automake, here is a minimal example about how to link @samp{make
check} with a validation suite.

@example
EXTRA_DIST = testsuite.at testsuite
TESTSUITE = $(srcdir)/testsuite
check-local: atconfig atlocal $(TESTSUITE)
        $(SHELL) $(TESTSUITE)

AUTOTEST = $(AUTOM4TE) --language=autotest
$(TESTSUITE): $(srcdir)/testsuite.at
        $(AUTOTEST) -I $(srcdir) $@@.at -o $@@.tmp
        mv $@@.tmp $@@
@end example

You might want to list explicitly the dependencies, i.e., the list of
the files @file{testsuite.at} includes.

With strict Autoconf, you might need to add lines inspired from the
following:

@example
subdir = tests

atconfig: $(top_builddir)/config.status
        cd $(top_builddir) && \
           $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@@

atlocal: $(srcdir)/atlocal.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
        cd $(top_builddir) && \
           $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@@
@end example

@noindent
and manage to have @file{atconfig.in} and @code{$(EXTRA_DIST)}
distributed.



@c =============================== Frequent Autoconf Questions, with answers

@node FAQ
@chapter Frequent Autoconf Questions, with answers

Several questions about Autoconf come up occasionally.  Here some of them
are addressed.

@menu
* Distributing::                Distributing @command{configure} scripts
* Why GNU m4::                  Why not use the standard M4?
* Bootstrapping::               Autoconf and @acronym{GNU} M4 require each other?
* Why Not Imake::               Why @acronym{GNU} uses @command{configure} instead of Imake
* Defining Directories::        Passing @code{datadir} to program
* autom4te.cache::              What is it?  Can I remove it?
@end menu

@node Distributing
@section Distributing @command{configure} Scripts

@display
What are the restrictions on distributing @command{configure}
scripts that Autoconf generates?  How does that affect my
programs that use them?
@end display

There are no restrictions on how the configuration scripts that Autoconf
produces may be distributed or used.  In Autoconf version 1, they were
covered by the @acronym{GNU} General Public License.  We still encourage
software authors to distribute their work under terms like those of the
GPL, but doing so is not required to use Autoconf.

Of the other files that might be used with @command{configure},
@file{config.h.in} is under whatever copyright you use for your
@file{configure.ac}.  @file{config.sub} and @file{config.guess} have an
exception to the GPL when they are used with an Autoconf-generated
@command{configure} script, which permits you to distribute them under the
same terms as the rest of your package.  @file{install-sh} is from the X
Consortium and is not copyrighted.

@node Why GNU m4
@section Why Require @acronym{GNU} M4?

@display
Why does Autoconf require @acronym{GNU} M4?
@end display

Many M4 implementations have hard-coded limitations on the size and
number of macros that Autoconf exceeds.  They also lack several
builtin macros that it would be difficult to get along without in a
sophisticated application like Autoconf, including:

@example
m4_builtin
m4_indir
m4_bpatsubst
__file__
__line__
@end example

Autoconf requires version 1.4 or above of @acronym{GNU} M4 because it uses
frozen state files.

Since only software maintainers need to use Autoconf, and since @acronym{GNU}
M4 is simple to configure and install, it seems reasonable to require
@acronym{GNU} M4 to be installed also.  Many maintainers of @acronym{GNU} and
other free software already have most of the @acronym{GNU} utilities
installed, since they prefer them.

@node Bootstrapping
@section How Can I Bootstrap?

@display
If Autoconf requires @acronym{GNU} M4 and @acronym{GNU} M4 has an Autoconf
@command{configure} script, how do I bootstrap?  It seems like a chicken
and egg problem!
@end display

This is a misunderstanding.  Although @acronym{GNU} M4 does come with a
@command{configure} script produced by Autoconf, Autoconf is not required
in order to run the script and install @acronym{GNU} M4.  Autoconf is only
required if you want to change the M4 @command{configure} script, which few
people have to do (mainly its maintainer).

@node Why Not Imake
@section Why Not Imake?

@display
Why not use Imake instead of @command{configure} scripts?
@end display

Several people have written addressing this question, so I include
adaptations of their explanations here.

The following answer is based on one written by Richard Pixley:

@quotation
Autoconf generated scripts frequently work on machines that it has
never been set up to handle before.  That is, it does a good job of
inferring a configuration for a new system.  Imake cannot do this.

Imake uses a common database of host specific data.  For X11, this makes
sense because the distribution is made as a collection of tools, by one
central authority who has control over the database.

@acronym{GNU} tools are not released this way.  Each @acronym{GNU} tool has a
maintainer; these maintainers are scattered across the world.  Using a
common database would be a maintenance nightmare.  Autoconf may appear
to be this kind of database, but in fact it is not.  Instead of listing
host dependencies, it lists program requirements.

If you view the @acronym{GNU} suite as a collection of native tools, then the
problems are similar.  But the @acronym{GNU} development tools can be
configured as cross tools in almost any host+target permutation.  All of
these configurations can be installed concurrently.  They can even be
configured to share host independent files across hosts.  Imake doesn't
address these issues.

Imake templates are a form of standardization.  The @acronym{GNU} coding
standards address the same issues without necessarily imposing the same
restrictions.
@end quotation


Here is some further explanation, written by Per Bothner:

@quotation
One of the advantages of Imake is that it easy to generate large
Makefiles using @code{cpp}'s @samp{#include} and macro mechanisms.
However, @code{cpp} is not programmable: it has limited conditional
facilities, and no looping.  And @code{cpp} cannot inspect its
environment.

All of these problems are solved by using @code{sh} instead of
@code{cpp}.  The shell is fully programmable, has macro substitution,
can execute (or source) other shell scripts, and can inspect its
environment.
@end quotation


Paul Eggert elaborates more:

@quotation
With Autoconf, installers need not assume that Imake itself is already
installed and working well.  This may not seem like much of an advantage
to people who are accustomed to Imake.  But on many hosts Imake is not
installed or the default installation is not working well, and requiring
Imake to install a package hinders the acceptance of that package on
those hosts.  For example, the Imake template and configuration files
might not be installed properly on a host, or the Imake build procedure
might wrongly assume that all source files are in one big directory
tree, or the Imake configuration might assume one compiler whereas the
package or the installer needs to use another, or there might be a
version mismatch between the Imake expected by the package and the Imake
supported by the host.  These problems are much rarer with Autoconf,
where each package comes with its own independent configuration
processor.

Also, Imake often suffers from unexpected interactions between
@command{make} and the installer's C preprocessor.  The fundamental problem
here is that the C preprocessor was designed to preprocess C programs,
not @file{Makefile}s.  This is much less of a problem with Autoconf,
which uses the general-purpose preprocessor M4, and where the
package's author (rather than the installer) does the preprocessing in a
standard way.
@end quotation


Finally, Mark Eichin notes:

@quotation
Imake isn't all that extensible, either.  In order to add new features to
Imake, you need to provide your own project template, and duplicate most
of the features of the existing one.  This means that for a sophisticated
project, using the vendor-provided Imake templates fails to provide any
leverage---since they don't cover anything that your own project needs
(unless it is an X11 program).

On the other side, though:

The one advantage that Imake has over @command{configure}:
@file{Imakefile}s tend to be much shorter (likewise, less redundant)
than @file{Makefile.in}s.  There is a fix to this, however---at least
for the Kerberos V5 tree, we've modified things to call in common
@file{post.in} and @file{pre.in} @file{Makefile} fragments for the
entire tree.  This means that a lot of common things don't have to be
duplicated, even though they normally are in @command{configure} setups.
@end quotation


@node Defining Directories
@section How Do I @code{#define} Installation Directories?

@display
My program needs library files, installed in @code{datadir} and
similar.  If I use

@example
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([DATADIR], [$datadir],
                   [Define to the read-only architecture-independent
                    data directory.])
@end example

@noindent
I get

@example
#define DATADIR "$@{prefix@}/share"
@end example
@end display

As already explained, this behavior is on purpose, mandated by the
@acronym{GNU} Coding Standards, see @ref{Installation Directory
Variables}.  There are several means to achieve a similar goal:

@itemize @minus
@item
Do not use @code{AC_DEFINE} but use your @file{Makefile} to pass the
actual value of @code{datadir} via compilation flags, see
@ref{Installation Directory Variables}, for the details.

@item
This solution can be simplified when compiling a program: you may either
extend the @code{CPPFLAGS}:

@example
CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\" @@CPPFLAGS@@
@end example

@noindent
or create a dedicated header file:

@example
DISTCLEANFILES = datadir.h
datadir.h: Makefile
        echo '#define DATADIR "$(datadir)"' >$@@
@end example

@item
Use @code{AC_DEFINE} but have @command{configure} compute the literal
value of @code{datadir} and others.  Many people have wrapped macros to
automate this task.  For instance, the macro @code{AC_DEFINE_DIR} from
the @href{http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/, Autoconf Macro
Archive}.

This solution does not conform to the @acronym{GNU} Coding Standards.

@item
Note that all the previous solutions hard wire the absolute path to
these directories in the executables, which is not a good property.  You
may try to compute the paths relatively to @code{prefix}, and try to
find @code{prefix} at runtime, this way your package is relocatable.
Some macros are already available to address this issue: see
@code{adl_COMPUTE_RELATIVE_PATHS} and
@code{adl_COMPUTE_STANDARD_RELATIVE_PATHS} on the
@href{http://www.gnu.org/software/ac-archive/, Autoconf Macro Archive}.
@end itemize


@node autom4te.cache
@section What is @file{autom4te.cache}?

@display
What is this directory @file{autom4te.cache}?  Can I safely remove it?
@end display

In the @acronym{GNU} Build System, @file{configure.ac} plays a central
role and is read by many tools: @command{autoconf} to create
@file{configure}, @command{autoheader} to create @file{config.h.in},
@command{automake} to create @file{Makefile.in}, @command{autoscan} to
check the completeness of @file{configure.ac}, @command{autoreconf} to
check the @acronym{GNU} Build System components that are used.  To
``read @file{configure.ac}'' actually means to compile it with M4,
which can be a very long process for complex @file{configure.ac}.

This is why all these tools, instead of running directly M4, invoke
@command{autom4te} (@pxref{autom4te Invocation}) which, while answering to
a specific demand, stores additional information in
@file{autom4te.cache} for future runs.  For instance, if you run
@command{autoconf}, behind the scenes, @command{autom4te} will also
store information for the other tools, so that when you invoke
@command{autoheader} or @command{automake} etc., re-processing
@file{configure.ac} is not needed.  The speed up is frequently of 30,
and is increasing with the size of @file{configure.ac}.

But it is and remains being simply a cache: you can safely remove it.

@sp 1

@display
Can I permanently get rid of it?
@end display

The creation of this cache can be disabled from
@file{~/.autom4te.cfg}, see @ref{Customizing autom4te}, for more
details.  You should be aware that disabling the cache slows down the
Autoconf test suite by 40%.  The more @acronym{GNU} Build System
components are used, the more the cache is useful; for instance
running @samp{autoreconf -f} on the Coreutils is twice slower without
the cache @emph{although @option{--force} implies that the cache is
not fully exploited}, and eight times slower than without
@option{--force}.


@c ===================================================== History of Autoconf.

@node History
@chapter History of Autoconf

You may be wondering, Why was Autoconf originally written?  How did it
get into its present form?  (Why does it look like gorilla spit?)  If
you're not wondering, then this chapter contains no information useful
to you, and you might as well skip it.  If you @emph{are} wondering,
then let there be light@enddots{}

@menu
* Genesis::                     Prehistory and naming of @command{configure}
* Exodus::                      The plagues of M4 and Perl
* Leviticus::                   The priestly code of portability arrives
* Numbers::                     Growth and contributors
* Deuteronomy::                 Approaching the promises of easy configuration
@end menu

@node Genesis
@section Genesis

In June 1991 I was maintaining many of the @acronym{GNU} utilities for the
Free Software Foundation.  As they were ported to more platforms and
more programs were added, the number of @option{-D} options that users
had to select in the @file{Makefile} (around 20) became burdensome.
Especially for me---I had to test each new release on a bunch of
different systems.  So I wrote a little shell script to guess some of
the correct settings for the fileutils package, and released it as part
of fileutils 2.0.  That @command{configure} script worked well enough that
the next month I adapted it (by hand) to create similar @command{configure}
scripts for several other @acronym{GNU} utilities packages.  Brian Berliner
also adapted one of my scripts for his @acronym{CVS} revision control system.

Later that summer, I learned that Richard Stallman and Richard Pixley
were developing similar scripts to use in the @acronym{GNU} compiler tools;
so I adapted my @command{configure} scripts to support their evolving
interface: using the file name @file{Makefile.in} as the templates;
adding @samp{+srcdir}, the first option (of many); and creating
@file{config.status} files.

@node Exodus
@section Exodus

As I got feedback from users, I incorporated many improvements, using
Emacs to search and replace, cut and paste, similar changes in each of
the scripts.  As I adapted more @acronym{GNU} utilities packages to use
@command{configure} scripts, updating them all by hand became impractical.
Rich Murphey, the maintainer of the @acronym{GNU} graphics utilities, sent me
mail saying that the @command{configure} scripts were great, and asking if
I had a tool for generating them that I could send him.  No, I thought,
but I should!  So I started to work out how to generate them.  And the
journey from the slavery of hand-written @command{configure} scripts to the
abundance and ease of Autoconf began.

Cygnus @command{configure}, which was being developed at around that time,
is table driven; it is meant to deal mainly with a discrete number of
system types with a small number of mainly unguessable features (such as
details of the object file format).  The automatic configuration system
that Brian Fox had developed for Bash takes a similar approach.  For
general use, it seems to me a hopeless cause to try to maintain an
up-to-date database of which features each variant of each operating
system has.  It's easier and more reliable to check for most features on
the fly---especially on hybrid systems that people have hacked on
locally or that have patches from vendors installed.

I considered using an architecture similar to that of Cygnus
@command{configure}, where there is a single @command{configure} script that
reads pieces of @file{configure.in} when run.  But I didn't want to have
to distribute all of the feature tests with every package, so I settled
on having a different @command{configure} made from each
@file{configure.in} by a preprocessor.  That approach also offered more
control and flexibility.

I looked briefly into using the Metaconfig package, by Larry Wall,
Harlan Stenn, and Raphael Manfredi, but I decided not to for several
reasons.  The @command{Configure} scripts it produces are interactive,
which I find quite inconvenient; I didn't like the ways it checked for
some features (such as library functions); I didn't know that it was
still being maintained, and the @command{Configure} scripts I had
seen didn't work on many modern systems (such as System V R4 and NeXT);
it wasn't very flexible in what it could do in response to a feature's
presence or absence; I found it confusing to learn; and it was too big
and complex for my needs (I didn't realize then how much Autoconf would
eventually have to grow).

I considered using Perl to generate my style of @command{configure}
scripts, but decided that M4 was better suited to the job of simple
textual substitutions: it gets in the way less, because output is
implicit.  Plus, everyone already has it.  (Initially I didn't rely on
the @acronym{GNU} extensions to M4.)  Also, some of my friends at the
University of Maryland had recently been putting M4 front ends on
several programs, including @code{tvtwm}, and I was interested in trying
out a new language.

@node Leviticus
@section Leviticus

Since my @command{configure} scripts determine the system's capabilities
automatically, with no interactive user intervention, I decided to call
the program that generates them Autoconfig.  But with a version number
tacked on, that name would be too long for old @sc{unix} file systems,
so I shortened it to Autoconf.

In the fall of 1991 I called together a group of fellow questers after
the Holy Grail of portability (er, that is, alpha testers) to give me
feedback as I encapsulated pieces of my handwritten scripts in M4 macros
and continued to add features and improve the techniques used in the
checks.  Prominent among the testers were Fran@,cois Pinard, who came up
with the idea of making an Autoconf shell script to run M4
and check for unresolved macro calls; Richard Pixley, who suggested
running the compiler instead of searching the file system to find
include files and symbols, for more accurate results; Karl Berry, who
got Autoconf to configure @TeX{} and added the macro index to the
documentation; and Ian Lance Taylor, who added support for creating a C
header file as an alternative to putting @option{-D} options in a
@file{Makefile}, so he could use Autoconf for his @acronym{UUCP} package.
The alpha testers cheerfully adjusted their files again and again as the
names and calling conventions of the Autoconf macros changed from
release to release.  They all contributed many specific checks, great
ideas, and bug fixes.

@node Numbers
@section Numbers

In July 1992, after months of alpha testing, I released Autoconf 1.0,
and converted many @acronym{GNU} packages to use it.  I was surprised by how
positive the reaction to it was.  More people started using it than I
could keep track of, including people working on software that wasn't
part of the @acronym{GNU} Project (such as TCL, FSP, and Kerberos V5).
Autoconf continued to improve rapidly, as many people using the
@command{configure} scripts reported problems they encountered.

Autoconf turned out to be a good torture test for M4 implementations.
@sc{unix} M4 started to dump core because of the length of the
macros that Autoconf defined, and several bugs showed up in @acronym{GNU}
M4 as well.  Eventually, we realized that we needed to use some
features that only @acronym{GNU} M4 has.  4.3@acronym{BSD} M4, in
particular, has an impoverished set of builtin macros; the System V
version is better, but still doesn't provide everything we need.

More development occurred as people put Autoconf under more stresses
(and to uses I hadn't anticipated).  Karl Berry added checks for X11.
david zuhn contributed C++ support.  Fran@,cois Pinard made it diagnose
invalid arguments.  Jim Blandy bravely coerced it into configuring
@acronym{GNU} Emacs, laying the groundwork for several later improvements.
Roland McGrath got it to configure the @acronym{GNU} C Library, wrote the
@command{autoheader} script to automate the creation of C header file
templates, and added a @option{--verbose} option to @command{configure}.
Noah Friedman added the @option{--autoconf-dir} option and
@code{AC_MACRODIR} environment variable.  (He also coined the term
@dfn{autoconfiscate} to mean ``adapt a software package to use
Autoconf''.)  Roland and Noah improved the quoting protection in
@code{AC_DEFINE} and fixed many bugs, especially when I got sick of
dealing with portability problems from February through June, 1993.

@node Deuteronomy
@section Deuteronomy

A long wish list for major features had accumulated, and the effect of
several years of patching by various people had left some residual
cruft.  In April 1994, while working for Cygnus Support, I began a major
revision of Autoconf.  I added most of the features of the Cygnus
@command{configure} that Autoconf had lacked, largely by adapting the
relevant parts of Cygnus @command{configure} with the help of david zuhn
and Ken Raeburn.  These features include support for using
@file{config.sub}, @file{config.guess}, @option{--host}, and
@option{--target}; making links to files; and running @command{configure}
scripts in subdirectories.  Adding these features enabled Ken to convert
@acronym{GNU} @code{as}, and Rob Savoye to convert Deja@acronym{GNU}, to using
Autoconf.

I added more features in response to other peoples' requests.  Many
people had asked for @command{configure} scripts to share the results of
the checks between runs, because (particularly when configuring a large
source tree, like Cygnus does) they were frustratingly slow.  Mike
Haertel suggested adding site-specific initialization scripts.  People
distributing software that had to unpack on MS-DOS asked for a way to
override the @file{.in} extension on the file names, which produced file
names like @file{config.h.in} containing two dots.  Jim Avera did an
extensive examination of the problems with quoting in @code{AC_DEFINE}
and @code{AC_SUBST}; his insights led to significant improvements.
Richard Stallman asked that compiler output be sent to @file{config.log}
instead of @file{/dev/null}, to help people debug the Emacs
@command{configure} script.

I made some other changes because of my dissatisfaction with the quality
of the program.  I made the messages showing results of the checks less
ambiguous, always printing a result.  I regularized the names of the
macros and cleaned up coding style inconsistencies.  I added some
auxiliary utilities that I had developed to help convert source code
packages to use Autoconf.  With the help of Fran@,cois Pinard, I made
the macros not interrupt each others' messages.  (That feature revealed
some performance bottlenecks in @acronym{GNU} M4, which he hastily
corrected!)  I reorganized the documentation around problems people want
to solve.  And I began a test suite, because experience had shown that
Autoconf has a pronounced tendency to regress when we change it.

Again, several alpha testers gave invaluable feedback, especially
Fran@,cois Pinard, Jim Meyering, Karl Berry, Rob Savoye, Ken Raeburn,
and Mark Eichin.

Finally, version 2.0 was ready.  And there was much rejoicing.  (And I
have free time again.  I think.  Yeah, right.)


@c ========================================================== Appendices

@node Copying This Manual
@appendix Copying This Manual

@menu
* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual
@end menu

@include fdl.texi

@node Indices
@appendix Indices

@menu
* Environment Variable Index::  Index of environment variables used
* Output Variable Index::       Index of variables set in output files
* Preprocessor Symbol Index::   Index of C preprocessor symbols defined
* Autoconf Macro Index::        Index of Autoconf macros
* M4 Macro Index::              Index of M4, M4sugar, and M4sh macros
* Autotest Macro Index::        Index of Autotest macros
* Program & Function Index::    Index of those with portability problems
* Concept Index::               General index
@end menu

@node Environment Variable Index
@appendixsec Environment Variable Index

This is an alphabetical list of the environment variables that Autoconf
checks.

@printindex ev

@node Output Variable Index
@appendixsec Output Variable Index

This is an alphabetical list of the variables that Autoconf can
substitute into files that it creates, typically one or more
@file{Makefile}s.  @xref{Setting Output Variables}, for more information
on how this is done.

@printindex ov

@node Preprocessor Symbol Index
@appendixsec Preprocessor Symbol Index

This is an alphabetical list of the C preprocessor symbols that the
Autoconf macros define.  To work with Autoconf, C source code needs to
use these names in @code{#if} directives.

@printindex cv

@node Autoconf Macro Index
@appendixsec Autoconf Macro Index

This is an alphabetical list of the Autoconf macros.  To make the list
easier to use, the macros are listed without their preceding @samp{AC_}.

@printindex ac

@node M4 Macro Index
@appendixsec M4 Macro Index

This is an alphabetical list of the M4, M4sugar, and M4sh macros.  To
make the list easier to use, the macros are listed without their
preceding @samp{m4_} or @samp{AS_}.

@printindex ms

@node Autotest Macro Index
@appendixsec Autotest Macro Index

This is an alphabetical list of the Autotest macros.  To make the list
easier to use, the macros are listed without their preceding @samp{AT_}.

@printindex at

@node Program & Function Index
@appendixsec Program and Function Index

This is an alphabetical list of the programs and functions which
portability is discussed in this document.

@printindex pr

@node Concept Index
@appendixsec Concept Index

This is an alphabetical list of the files, tools, and concepts
introduced in this document.

@printindex cp

@bye

@c Local Variables:
@c ispell-local-dictionary: "american"
@c End:
