Using the Kerberos Control Panel on Mac OS 8.x & 9.x
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| ## Using the Kerberos Control Panel (v1.6) on Mac OS 8.x & 9.x

This web page has instructions for the Kerberos control panel released as part of Kerberos for Macintosh 4.0.

MIT users should consult the Kerberos for Macintosh at MIT documentation, which reflects the currently supported version.

If you are unsure what version of Kerberos for Macintosh you have installed, see Identifying the Version of Kerberos for Macintosh.

### Table of contents

- Opening the Kerberos control panel
- Obtaining Kerberos tickets

- Specifying ticket lifetime when logging in

- About the ticket list
- Changing active users
- Destroying tickets
- Renewing tickets (i.e., extending your login duration)
- Changing your password
- Adding and removing realms
- Displaying ticket information
- Changing preferences
- Identifying the Version of Kerberos for Macintosh

If you encounter bugs or problems using the Kerberos control panel, please send e-mail to <krbdev@mit.edu>.

If you're not familiar with Kerberos authentication and terms such as Kerberos tickets, go to What Is Kerberos? to learn the concepts and terms.

### Opening the Kerberos control panel

To open the Kerberos control panel,

From the Apple menu, choose Control Panels--Kerberos

Result: The Kerberos control panel window is displayed.

### Obtaining Kerberos tickets

1. Click on the Get Tickets button, choose Get Tickets from Kerberos menu, or press <command>-N.

   Result: The Kerberos Login dialog box appears:

   The first time you use the Kerberos control panel to log in, the username box is blank. After that, the Kerberos Login dialog box displays the username of the person who last used it to log in, by default.

2. Type your username in the username box.

   If you want to log in using a principal that contains an instance (if you are unfamiliar with this term, don't worry about it), choose "Advanced" from the popup menu above "Username", and the instance field will be revealed. Typing your instance into the Username field will not work, you will get an error when you try to log in.

3. Click once in the password box, or press the <tab> key, and type your password.

4. If you need to change realms, click once in the Realm popup list and choose the desired realm. If the desired realm is not present in the list, you will have to add it using the Edit Favorite Realms feature, and then return to the Kerberos Login dialog.

5. Click on OK.

   Result: If authentication is successful, a ticket entry appears in the Kerberos control panel window:

   The Active User box indicates your username, the realm for which your Kerberos tickets are valid, and the time remaining for which they are valid. An item also appears in the ticket list.

   By default, Kerberos tickets are valid for 10 hours. You can shorten the duration for which tickets are valid at the time you log in. Refer to Specifying ticket lifetime when logging in for instructions on how to do this. You can also change the default ticket lifetime. Refer to Changing Preferences to find out how to do this.

   If you get a Kerberos error, it may be for any of the following reasons:

   - You've entered either your username or password incorrectly. Try again, making sure that the CAPS LOCK key is not turned on.

   - You may not have authorization to log into the realm specified. If you're authorized to log into a different realm, refer to Adding and removing realms to make another realm available, and then choose it from the realms popup list when logging in.

   - There is a problem with your authorization for the realm you're using. Contact your site administrator.

   To see details about your tickets, click once on the triangle next to the username in the ticket list. See About the ticket list for more information.

   The Kerberos control panel allows more than one person to log into the same Macintosh. An additional person can log in by completing steps 1 - 4.

   Each additional person who has logged in has an entry in the ticket list:

   The active user, i.e., the person whose tickets are used for authentication when you start a new Kerberos-using application, appears in the Active User box. This username is also underlined in the ticket list.

   To change active users, follow the procedure in the next section, Changing active users.

   Once the duration of your tickets has ended, an "expired" message appears:

   ### Specifying ticket lifetime when logging in

   If you want to change the length of time that your tickets are valid upon logging in, you can do it through the Kerberos Login dialog box. To do this,

   1. Click on the Get Tickets button, choose Get Tickets from Kerberos menu, or press <command>-N.

      Result: The Kerberos Login dialog box appears.

   2. Click once on the Options... button.

      Result: The Kerberos Options dialog appears:

   3. Place the mouse pointer on the Ticket Lifetime slider and drag it to the desired time indicated above the slider.

   4. Click on the OK button, returning you to the Kerberos Login dialog.

   5. Enter your username (if it's not already displayed) and password, then click on OK.

      Result:If your login is successful, you've obtained tickets that are valid for the lifetime you specified.

   The next time you log in, the lifetime of the tickets you obtain will be the same as the time you specified during the previous login, unless you repeat this procedure or force a constant default lifetime (see Changing preferences for instructions on how to do this).

### About the ticket list

Below the Active User box and Renew Tickets, Destroy Tickets, and Change Password buttons is the ticket list. The ticket list shows all the principals that are currently authenticated on the Macintosh.

Each principal has a set of Kerberos tickets belonging to it. When you log in with Kerberos, you get a ticket-granting ticket which then allows you to get other tickets from other applications (also called services). Then for each application you run that requires Kerberos authentication, you get a service ticket.

By default, the principals and their tickets appear as a summary line in the ticket list. The summary lines are in bold text with a light gray background. Each summary line has three elements:

- The Kerberos versions supported by the realm the principal is authenticated in. This appears as "(v4/v5)", "(v4)", or "(v5)" before the principal. When you log in using Kerberos for Macintosh, it will attempt to get both Kerberos v4 and v5 tickets for your principal. However, not all Kerberos-using sites support both versions, or different realms at the same site may also support different versions, so you may see only one version listed.
- The username of the authenticated principal.
- The minimum remaining lifetime for the ticket-granting tickets belonging to the principal (displayed as hours:minutes). You receive one ticket-granting ticket for each Kerberos version the realm supports; these may have different expiration times (although Kerberos for Macintosh attempts to make them the same).

Instead of a time, you may see either "expired" or "not valid" in the Time Remaining column. "Expired" means that your tickets have no time remaining and so are no longer valid; "not valid" means they are no longer valid for some other reason, usually because your Mac's IP address has changed since you obtained the tickets. In either case, you need to renew your tickets (although Kerberos for Macintosh will also prompt you automatically to renew if you try to use a service requiring Kerberos tickets).

If you want to see details of tickets associated with each principal, click on the triangle at the left of the principal's summary line. The list will expand:

In the expanded list, you will see a list of the tickets (credentials) belonging to that principal. If the principal is authenticated for both versions of Kerberos, the tickets are grouped by version underneath a subheading for each version (see picture above). For Kerberos v5 tickets, an "(F)" after the ticket name means the ticket is forwardable, a "(P)" means the ticket is proxiable, and "(F,P)" means the ticket is both forwardable and proxiable (see Changing preferences for more information about forwardable and proxiable).

If you always want the ticket list to display expanded entries, you can set the "Always expand new ticket list entries" preference. See the Changing preferences section.

You can display even more detailed information about each ticket using the Ticket Info window. See the Displaying ticket information section.

### Changing active users

The current, active user specifies which username will be used for authentication when you work with an application that requires Kerberos authentication. If more than one user is logged in, you may want to change the active user before using such an application.

Use one of the following techniques to change the active user:

- Click once on the boldfaced username line in the list that you want to be the active user, then click on the Make User Active button.

  v

- From the Kerberos menu, choose Change Active User > username where username is the user you want to make active.

  v

- Double-click on the boldfaced username line in the Tickets list.

Result: The new active user is displayed in the Active User box and also appears underlined in the ticket list.

### Destroying tickets

To destroy tickets, select the boldfaced username line in the ticket list then click on the Destroy Tickets button, or choose Destroy Tickets from the Kerberos menu.

Result: The ticket entry is removed from the ticket list. If other users are logged in, their usernames remain in the ticket list and their tickets are valid for the remaining time indicated.

### Renewing tickets

If your tickets have expired, or you want to extend the lifetime of existing tickets, use the Renew Tickets command:

1. Click once on your boldfaced username line in the ticket list to select it.

   Result: The Renew Tickets button is activated.

2. Click on the Renew Tickets button, choose Renew Tickets from the Kerberos menu, or press <command>-R.

   Result:The Kerberos Login dialog box is displayed.

3. Enter your password.

4. If you want to change the lifetime of the tickets you're obtaining, see Specifying ticket lifetime when logging in for instructions.

5. Click on OK.

   Result: The tickets' lifetime is extended either to the lifetime you specified when logging in or to the maximum duration set under Preferences... (the default is 10 hours). To change the default tickets' lifetime, see Changing Preferences.

### Changing your password

You can change your Kerberos password by using the Change Password... command.

To change your password,

1. Click on the boldfaced username line in the ticket list to select it.

   Result: The Change Password... button is activated:

2. Click on the Change Password... button or choose Change Password... from the Kerberos menu.

   Result: The Kerberos Change Password dialog box appears with the name of the user selected previously at the top:

3. Enter the password you're using now in the "Enter your old password" box.

4. Click once in the "Enter your new password" box, or press the <tab> key, and type the new password.

5. Click once in the "Enter your new password again" box, or press the <tab> key, and type the new password a second time, exactly as you typed in the previous step.

6. Click on OK.

   Result: Either you will receive a confirmation that your password hss been changed, if you entered either your old password incorrectly or the entries for the new password don't match exactly, you'll get an error. You may also receive an error from the Kerberos server if you try to choose an insecure password.

   This password stays in effect until you change it again using either the Kerberos control panel or the equivalent procedure on another Kerberos client on another platform.

### Adding and removing realms

A default Kerberos realm is specified by the Kerberos Preferences file (as distributed from MIT, this realm is ATHENA.MIT.EDU). When using the Kerberos control panel to log in, by default the Kerberos username and password entered are checked for authorization in this area of the network. You can add other realms, as described in this section, and change which one Kerberos Login uses by default. (For instructions on how to change the default realm, see Changing Preferences.)

Other realms listed in the Kerberos Preferences file can also be used for logging in, but must first be added to the list of "favorite" realms which are displayed in the Kerberos Login dialog. The Kerberos control panel has a feature called Edit Favorite Realms that provides the following options for making the other realms in Kerberos Preferences available for use:

- You can add one or multiple realms from the Kerberos Preferences file to the Favorite Realms List.

- If you want to keep the list of Favorite realms to the minimum that you need, you can remove realms from the Favorite Realms List.

Although other realms may exist besides the ones through the Edit Favorite Realms feature, you can only add or remove realms listed in the Kerberos Preferences file. (For information on adding new realms to the Kerberos preferences file, see the Kerberos Preferences Documentation. Generally you should not have to do this, consult with your system administrator first!)

To add and remove realms,

1. From the Edit menu, choose Edit Favorite Realms... or press <command>-E.

   Result: The Edit Favorite Realms dialog box appears:

2. Do any of the following:

   - Click once on the realm that you want to add in the All Available Realms side of the dialog box, then click on Add to add the selected realm to the Favorite Realms list.

     Result: The selected realm is moved to the Favorite Realms list:

   - Click on Add All to add all of the realms from the All Available Realms list to the Favorite Realms list.

     Result:The remaining realms in the All Available Realms list are moved to the Favorite Realms list:

   - Click once on the realm that you want to remove in the Favorite Realms dialog box, then, click on Remove to remove the selected realm from the Favorite Realms list.

     Result: The selected realm is removed from the Favorite Realms list:

     NOTE: At least one realm is required in the Favorite Realms list.

3. When you have finished adding and/or removing realms, click on Done.

   Result:If you've added one or more realms, they are now available from the Kerberos Login dialog box. If you've removed any realms, they are no longer available for use unless you add them again later on.

   To find out how to change the default realm, refer to Changing preferences.

### Displaying ticket information

If you are interested in more ticket information, the Kerberos control panel can display detailed information about each Kerberos ticket by using the Get Ticket Info command. To display detailed ticket information:

1. Select a ticket entry in the ticket list of the Kerberos control panel's ticket list. (Note that you can only get info about individual ticket items - the non-bold lines.)

2. From the Kerberos menu, choose Get Ticket Information, or press <command>-I.

Result: The Ticket Info window appears:

At the top of the ticket info window is the principal who owns the ticket, the service that the ticket was obtained for, and the Kerberos version of the ticket. The rest of the information is divided into several panes for easier reading:

- Times - The exact time the ticket was issued, and the start and end time that the ticket is valid for, all in local time. Also a status field to tell you if the ticket is valid, expired, or not valid for another reason.
- Flags (for v5 tickets only) - The properties, such as forwardable and proxiable, of the ticket.
- IP Addresses - The IP addresses for which the ticket is valid. V4 tickets can only have one address, so you will only see one listed. V5 tickets may be valid for multiple or no addresses, so you may see more than one or none listed, although typically you will only see one listed.
- Encryption - For v4 tickets, lists the string to key type of the ticket. For v5 tickets, lists both the session key and service principal key encryption types of the ticket.

3. When you are done looking at the ticket information, you can close the Ticket Info window using its close box.

You can have more than one ticket info window open at once.

### Changing preferences

You can make certain customizations to the Kerberos control panel by using the Preferences... command. These customizations also affect the Kerberos Login dialog anytime another application brings it up, and the Kerberos Floating Window.

1. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences... or press <command>-Y

   Result:The Preferences dialog box appears:

2. The Kerberos preferences are divided into several groups, with a tab for each group. Click on the tab for the preferences you want to modify:

   - Login Defaults - preferences that control the default username and ticket options for the Kerberos Login dialog
   - Display - preferences that control the way the Kerberos control panel displays information
   - Floating Window - preferences that control the Kerberos Floating Window
   - Lifetimes - preferences that control the minimum, maximum, and default settings of the ticket lifetime slider in the Kerberos Login dialog

3. Make changes to any of the following:

   - Login Defaults:
     - Remember principal from last Kerberos login/Use this principal information (default = "Remember principal from last login"): This popup menu lets you chose whether to retain the username, instance, and principal in the Kerberos Login dialog box after each time you log in, or to use the options specified in the Preferences dialog each time.
       - Always use blank username (default) (only applies if "Use this principal information" is selected): The username and instance fields will always be blank in the Kerberos Login dialog.
       - Always use this username (only applies if "Use this principal information" is selected): The username field of the Kerberos dialog will always be the specified username, and the instance field will always be blank. (You can edit the username field to be something different for a single login, but it will always return to this user on next login.)
       - Always use this realm (only applies if "Use this principal information" is selected): The realm selected from this popup will always appear as the selected realm in the Kerberos Login dialog's realm popup. If the realm you want is not in the popup list, use the Edit Favorite Realms to add realms, then return to the Preferences dialog and choose the desired from the Realm popup list.
     - Remember ticket options from last Kerberos login/Use these ticket options (default = "Remember ticket options from last login"): This popup menu lets you chose whether to retain the forwardable, proxiable, and ticket lifetime options in the Kerberos Login dialog box after each time you log in, or to use the options specified in the Preferences dialog each time.
       - Forwardable tickets always (default=on) (only applies if "Use these ticket options" is selected): Tickets that you've obtained on your machine are valid on another machine to which you are connecting. (We recommend that you leave this option turned on.) Only applies to Kerberos v5 tickets.
       - Proxiable tickets always (default=off) (only applies if "Use these ticket options" is selected): Tickets are proxiable. Proxiable tickets are used by some Windows 2000 Kerberos services, however, you should not turn on proxiable tickets unless instructed to do so by your system administrator. Only applies to Kerberos v5 tickets.
       - Ticket lifetime always (default=10 hours) (only applies if "Use these ticket options" is selected): To change the duration for tickets to be valid, place the mouse pointer on the Ticket Lifetime slider and drag it to desired time indicated above the slider. NOTE: Changes you make to this setting take effect the next time you obtain tickets. Any tickets that you currently have maintain the lifetime that was set when you obtained them
   - Display:
     - Always expand new ticket list entries (default=off): To have the full list of your individual tickets displayed in the ticket list by default (as opposed to a summary of your tickets indicated by your username) click once in the checkbox to activate it. See About the ticket list for more details.
   - Floating Window:
     - Show floating window (default = off): If this box is checked, the Kerberos Floating Window will be displayed.
     - Floating window can be closed (default = on): If this box is checked, the Kerberos Floating Window has a close box and can be closed. (You'll have to use the "show floating window" preference or tear the menu off the Kerberos Menu/Control Strip to display it again.) Note that unlike in old versions of KClient, closing the floating window does not destroy any tickets, it simply hides the floating window.
     - Show commands in floating window (default = off): The Kerberos Floating Window has two states, a simple compact state where only the usernames of the currently authenticated users are displayed, or an expanded state where Get Ticket, Destroy Tickets, and Renew Tickets commands are displayed along with the authenticated users. If this box is checked, the floating window is displayed in its expanded state with the commands. You can also switch between the compact and expanded states of the floating window by clicking on the zoom box in the floating window's title bar.
     - Show remaining lifetime "pie" in floating window (default = on): If this box is checked, a small circle indicating the relative amount of time remaining until the user's tickets expire is displayed next to each authenticated user's name.
     - For more information about the Kerberos Floating Window, see the Using the Kerberos Floating Window documentation.
   - Lifetimes:
     - Using the edit fields in this preferences panel, you can set the minimum and maximum range of the ticket lifetime slider displayed by the Kerberos Login dialog. You can also set the default ticket lifetime (this is the same as the "ticket lifetime always" option in the Login Defaults preferences). These settings only control the minimum and maximum lifetimes your Macintosh requests from the Kerberos server; the Kerberos server may not allow tickets longer or shorter than certain lifetimes. (Defaults are 0:10:00 minimum, 10:00:00 maximum, and 10:00:00 default.)

4. Click on OK to save the changes you've made.